Table 1 Prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and demographic and medical correlates among children in Shanghai, 2009
Count | Pneumococcal carriage (%) | P-valuea | Hib carriage (%) | P-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 614 | 102 (16.6 %) | 49 (8.0 %) | ||
Season of enrollment | 0.0780 | 1.0000 | |||
Autumn | 306 | 38 (12.4 %) | 23 (7.5 %) | ||
Spring | 308 | 64 (20.8 %) | 26 (8.4 %) | ||
Sex | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | |||
Male | 338 | 60 (17.8 %) | 30 (8.9 %) | ||
Female | 276 | 42 (15.2 %) | 19 (6.9 %) | ||
Age of child | 0.1530 | 1.0000 | |||
12 months | 170 | 35 (20.6 %) | 14 (8.2 %) | ||
13–14 months | 184 | 35 (19.0 %) | 16 (8.7 %) | ||
15–16 months | 158 | 20 (12.7 %) | 12 (7.6 %) | ||
17–18 months | 102 | 12 (11.8 %) | 7 (6.9 %) | ||
Age of mother at childbirth | 0.3984 | 1.0000 | |||
18–24 years | 179 | 35 (19.6 %) | 18 (10.1 %) | ||
25–29 years | 257 | 44 (17.1 %) | 18 (7.0 %) | ||
30–34 years | 123 | 18 (14.6 %) | 9 (7.3 %) | ||
35–44 years | 55 | 5 (9.1 %) | 4 (7.3 %) | ||
Household residency | 0.0009 | 0.0008 | |||
Local | 160 | 11 (6.9 %) | 2 (1.3 %) | ||
Non-local | 454 | 91 (20.0 %) | 47 (10.4 %) | ||
Urbanicity | 0.1530 | 0.0077 | |||
Urban | 422 | 62 (14.7 %) | 25 (5.9 %) | ||
Suburban | 126 | 22 (17.5 %) | 12 (9.5 %) | ||
Rural | 66 | 18 (27.3 %) | 12 (18.2 %) | ||
Household income | 0.1166 | 0.0490 | |||
<2000 yuan ($292) | 232 | 47 (20.3 %) | 26 (11.2 %) | ||
2000–4999 yuan ($292–$730) | 286 | 47 (16.4 %) | 21 (7.3 %) | ||
≥5000 yuan ($731) | 96 | 8 (8.3 %) | 2 (2.1 %) | ||
Size of house | 0.2163 | 0.0008 | |||
<18 m2 | 145 | 32 (22.1 %) | 17 (11.7 %) | ||
18–29 m2 | 120 | 20 (16.7 %) | 19 (15.8 %) | ||
30–69 m2 | 156 | 25 (16.0 %) | 8 (5.1 %) | ||
≥70 m2 | 193 | 25 (13.0 %) | 5 (2.6 %) | ||
Siblings | 0.1530 | 0.0999 | |||
No | 407 | 57 (14.0 %) | 24 (5.9 %) | ||
Yes | 207 | 45 (21.7 %) | 25 (12.1 %) | ||
Mother’s education | 0.0650 | 0.0008 | |||
Primary school or less | 73 | 18 (24.7 %) | 9 (12.3 %) | ||
Junior high | 286 | 54 (18.9 %) | 32 (11.2 %) | ||
High school/vocational | 134 | 16 (11.9 %) | 8 (6.0 %) | ||
College or more | 121 | 14 (11.6 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | ||
Father’s education | 0.0406 | 0.0003 | |||
Primary school or less | 23 | 4 (17.4 %) | 4 (17.4 %) | ||
Junior high | 299 | 65 (21.7 %) | 34 (11.4 %) | ||
High school/vocational | 135 | 16 (11.9 %) | 10 (7.4 %) | ||
College or more | 157 | 17 (10.8 %) | 1 (0.6 %) | ||
Smoking in home | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | |||
No | 288 | 47 (16.3 %) | 27 (9.4 %) | ||
Yes | 326 | 55 (16.9 %) | 22 (6.7 %) | ||
Feeding pattern (first 6 months) | 0.8612 | 0.3392 | |||
Exclusive breastfeeding | 317 | 58 (18.3 %) | 35 (11.0 %) | ||
Breastfeeding and formula | 207 | 32 (15.5 %) | 7 (3.4 %) | ||
Only formula | 90 | 12 (13.3 %) | 7 (7.8 %) | ||
Any history of disease | 0.6870 | 0.8154 | |||
No | 123 | 26 (21.1 %) | 14 (11.4 %) | ||
Yes | 491 | 76 (15.5 %) | 35 (7.1 %) | ||
Hib vaccine history | 1.0000 | 0.3392 | |||
None | 71 | 14 (19.7 %) | 9 (12.7 %) | ||
1 dose | 146 | 22 (15.1 %) | 14 (9.6 %) | ||
2 doses | 148 | 24 (16.2 %) | 12 (8.1 %) | ||
3 doses | 182 | 31 (17.0 %) | 10 (5.5 %) | ||
4 doses | 67 | 11 (16.4 %) | 4 (6.0 %) |