Table 1 Summary of 39 studies with norovirus (NoV) incidence or prevalence data among older adults
Author (Ref) | Country | Study years | Study design | Lab Method | Risk estimation methoda | Age | Data source/population | Outcome of interest |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trivedi [89] | US | 2009–2010 | Retrospective cohort | NSb | C | NS | NORS and Medicare/LTCFsc in 3 states | All cause hospitalizations and deaths during outbreaks |
Hall [51] | US | 1999–2007 | Retrospective regression analysis | NS | C | All | National Center for Health Statistics/nationwide GEd deaths | Incidence and attributable proportion of unspecified GE deaths |
Shahid [109] | US | 2007 | Retrospective laboratory review | Elisa | B | All | In- and outpatient laboratory samples/city-wide patients tested for NoV | Characteristics of NoV positive specimens |
Lopman [70] | US | 1996–2007 | Retrospective regression analysis | NS | C | All | National Inpatient Sample/nationwide GE hospital discharges | Incidence and attributable proportion of unspecified GE discharges |
Rosenthal [38] | US | 2003–2006 | Prospective surveillance | PCR | A | 18–106 y | AGEeoutbreaks/LTCFs in 1 state | Attack rates, case-hospitalization and fatality rates during NoV outbreaks |
Chui [71] | US | 1991–2004 | Retrospective database review | NS | D | 65– <85 y | Medicare and Medicaid and US Census/nationwide hospitalizations | Incidence of specific gastrointestinal disease hospitalizations |
Gastañaduy [45] | US | 2001–2009 | Retrospective regression analysis | NS | C | All | MarketScan Insurance Claims/US emergency and outpatient visits among insured | Incidence of emergency and outpatient visits for cause-specified and unspecified GE attributed to NoV |
Leshem [35] | US | 2010–2013 | Retrospective analysis surveillance | PCR | A | All | Sentinel community NOV surveillance (NORS and CaliciNet)/community outbreaks in 5 states | Age-specific NoV distribution during GII.4 outbreaks |
Leshem [110] | US | 2010–2012 | Retrospective analysis surveillance | PCR | A | All | Sentinel community NoV surveillance (NORS and CaliciNet)/community outbreaks in 27 states | Age-specific NoV distribution during GI.6 outbreaks |
Hall [111] | US | 1979–2010 | Literature review | NS | E | All | Published studies with population-based incidence rates of NoV/US studies | Summary NoV incidence estimates |
Ruzante [72] | Canada | 2001–2004 | Retrospective database review | NS | D | All | Canadian Institute for Health Information, Vital Statistics Registry, National Notifiable Diseases database/nationwide hospitalizations and deaths | Age-specific hospitalization and mortality incidence rates based on NoV-specific diagnostic coding |
Friesema [87] | NL | 2005–2007 | Prospective surveillance | PCR | A | 42–100 y | NoV outbreaks/LTCFs with nursing wards in 6 local health services | Characteristics of NoV outbreaks by genotype and symptoms |
Van Asten [77] | NL | 1999–2007 | Retrospective analysis surveillance | NS | C | ≥65 y | Statistics Netherlands (mortality), weekly laboratory surveillance/nationwide unspecified GE | Attributable proportion of all-cause deaths |
Van Asten [68] | NL | 1994–2006 | Retrospective analysis surveillance | NS | C | ≥65 y | Netherlands Information Network of GPs, NoV surveillance, National Medical Register, Statistics Netherland/nationwide unspecified GE | Incidence and attributable proportion of unspecified GE deaths |
Verhoef [80] | NL | 2009 | Retrospective analysis surveillance analysis | NS | C | All | SENSOR study, German notifiable disease data, other literature/nationwide | Age-specific mortality, disease burden and burden due to foodborne NoV GE |
Spackova [82] | Germany | 2002–2008 | Retrospective analysis surveillance | NS | A | All | Hospitalization reports: German notifiable disease data/nationwide | Nosocomial GE due to enteric pathogens including NoV |
Werber [63] | Germany | 2004–2008 | Retrospective analysis surveillance | PCR | A | All | German notifiable disease data, Federal Statistical Office/nationwide | Incidence, deaths and potential life lost due to pathogen-specific GE |
Bernard [32] | Germany | 2001–2009 | Retrospective analysis surveillance | PCR | A | All | German notifiable disease data, Federal Statistical Office/nationwide | Age-specific incidence, hospitalization and mortality due to NoV |
Gustavsson [55] | Sweden | 2008–2009 | Retrospective case–control | PCR | B | ≥60 y | Hospital database/hospitalized adults at one hospital | 30 and 90 day survival rates |
Fernandez [65] | Spain | 2000–2007 | Retrospective laboratory-based | PCR | B | All | Patient laboratory stool samples | Age-specific prevalence of enteric pathogens in GE cases |
Arias [112] | Spain | 2004–2005 | Prospective surveillance | PCR | A | All | Mandatory physician reported outbreaks/Catalonia region | Age-specific incidence of GE |
Manso [67] | Spain | 2010–2011 | Prospective laboratory-based | PCR | B | All | In- and outpatient laboratory stool samples/hospital complex | Age-specific prevalence of enteric pathogens in GE cases |
Huhulescu [64] | Austria | 2007 | Prospective cohort | PCR | A | All | Outpatients/3 physician clinics | Pathogen-specific prevalence in GE |
Harris [78] | England/Wales | 2001–2006 | Retrospective regression analysis | NS | C | ≥65 y | Community pathogen surveillance; mortality statistics: Health Protection Agency, Office of National Statistics/England and Wales | Attributable proportion of GE deaths |
Haustein [69] | England | 2000–2006 | Retrospective regression analysis | NS | C | ≥18 y | Hospital Episode Statistics and LabBase Health Protection Agency/nationwide | Incidence and attributable proportion of hospital admissions |
Philips [42] | England | 1993–1996 | Prospective cohort | PCR | A | All | Outpatients/70 GP clinics nationwide | Age-specific NoV incidence |
Philips [113] | England | 1993–1996 | Prospective cohort | PCR | A | All | Community and outpatient non-GE patients/cohort and 70 GP clinics nationwide | Prevalence of asymptomatic NoV |
Rovida [76] | Italy | 2011–2012 | Retrospective laboratory-based | PCR | B | All | Inpatient laboratory samples (stool)/one hospital | Pathogen-specific prevalence of GE |
Kirk [83] | Australia | 2002–2008 | Retrospective surveillance analysis | NS | A | Adults | GE outbreaks OzFoodNet/LTCFs nationwide | Pathogen-specific GE outbreak incidence and characteristics of GE outbreaks |
Davis [88] | Australia | 2004–2007 | Retrospective surveillance analysis | PCR | A | NS | GE outbreaks OzFoodNet/LTCFs in Queensland | Characteristics of NoV outbreaks in LTCFs |
Tian [66] | China | 2008–2009 | Prospective cohort | PCR | B | ≥14y | Outpatients with AGE/GE Department one hospital | NoV prevalence by age |
Chan [74] | Hong Kong | 2012–2013 | Prospective cohort | PCR | B | All | Inpatients with NoV+ AGE/one hospital | NoV GII.4 distribution by age |
Ho [37] | Hong Kong | 2001–2006 | Prospective laboratory-based analysis | PCR | A | All | Laboratory stool samples from inpatient, outpatients and outbreak cases with AGE/nationwide | Characteristics of NoV outbreaks by age, genotype and season |
Tseng [114] | Taiwan | 2005–2007 | Prospective surveillance | PCR | B | >15 y | AGE cases at residential psychiatric care institution/one care center | Pathogen-specific GE hospitalization rate |
Tang [75] | Taiwan | 2011–2012 | Prospective cohort | PCR | B | All | AGE symptomatic and asymptomatic in-, out- and emergency patients/one hospital | NoV prevalence by AGE symptom status |
Lim [15] | Singapore | 2004–2011 | Retrospective laboratory | PCR | B | All | AGE stool samples/one hospital laboratory | Age-specific distribution of NoV positive samples |
Al-Thani [73] | Qatar | 2009 | Prospective cohort | PCR | B | All | AGE emergency patients/one hospital | Enteric pathogen distribution by age |
Greig [85] | Global | 1997–2007 | Literature review | NS | E | NS | GE outbreaks in LTCFs/global | Characteristics of enteric outbreaks by pathogen and transmission |
Utsumi [86] | Global | 1966–2008 | Literature review | NS | E | NS | Infectious disease outbreaks in LTCFs/global | Characteristics of infectious disease outbreaks by pathogen |