Table 3 Studies in which metabolites of the kynurenine pathway have been assessed in HIV patients
From: The kynurenine pathway activities in a sub-Saharan HIV/AIDS population
|  |  | Tryptophan (μmol/l) | Kynurenine (μmol/l) | K/T ratio | Quinolinic Acid (μmol/l) | aNiacin, nico- tinic acid or bnicotinamide (μmol/l) | IFN-γ (pg/ml) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sub-Saharan Countries | |||||||
Present Study, South Africa | Patients | 24.36 ± 4.14 | 3.21 ± 1.33 | 136.03 ± 65.45 | 4.46 ± 2.32 | b14.25 ± 9.47 | 44.46 ± 22.46 |
Controls | 43.57 ± 11.85 | 2.14 ± 0.45 | 52.18 ± 16.95 | 0.25 ± 0.058 | b12.92 ± 3.69 | 24.85 ± 2.96 | |
p-value | <0.0001 | 0.0001 | <0.001 | <0.0001 | 0.198 | <0.0001 | |
Byakwaga et al. 2014 [20], Uganda | Patients | 18 | 2.157 | 131 | Not done | Not done | Not done |
Controls | Not done | Not done | Not done | Not done | Not done | Not done | |
Martinez et al. 2014 [21], Uganda | Patients | 18.17 | ~2.22 | 122.2 | Not done | Not done | Not done |
Controls | Not done | Not done | Not done | Not done | Not done | Not done | |
Developed Countries | |||||||
Fuchs et al. 1991 [11], Austria | Patients | 57.0 ± 2.8 | 3.45 ± 0.14 | - | Not done | Not done | 259 ± 7 (U/l) |
Controls | 91.0 ± 6.63 | 2.31 ± 0.23 | - | Not done | Not done | 23.5 (U/l) | |
p-value | <0.01 | <0.01 | - | Not done | Not done | <0.01 | |
Huengsberg et al. 1998 [12], Austria | Patients | 50.1 | 2.55 | 50.5 | Not done | Not done | Not done |
Controls | 56.3 | 1.98 | 34.9 | Not done | Not done | Not done | |
p-value | <0.01 | <0.001 | <0.001 | - | - | - | |
Look et al. 1998 [13], Germany | Patients | 44.6 | 4.1 | 108.2 | 0.848 | Not done | Not done |
Controls | 52.6 | 2.7 | 51.4 | 0.303 | Not done | Not done | |
p-value | 0.14 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 | - | - | |
Zangerle et al. 2002 [14], Austria | Patients | 44.1 ± 13.3 | 3.01 ± 0.91 | 79.2 ± 60.3 | Not done | Not done | Not done |
Controls | 65.8 ± 12.8 | 2.02 ± 0.66 | 30.7 ± 8.7 | Not done | Not done | Not done | |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | - | - | - | |
Schroeksnadel et al. 2008 [15], Austria | Patients | 51.40 | 2.60 | 51.15 | Not done | Not done | Not done |
Controls | Not done | Not done | Not done | Not done | Not done | Not done | |
Heyes et al. 1998 [29], USA | Patients | Not done | Not done | Not done | 16.85 ± 3.36 | Not done | Not done |
Skurnick et al. 1996 [44], USA | Patients | Not done | Not done | Not done | Not done | a43.9 ± 0.89 | Not done |
Controls | Not done | Not done | Not done | Not done | a37.4 ± 1.38 | Not done | |
p-value | - | - | - | - | 0.0001 | - | |
Heyes et al. 2001 [30], USA | Patients | Not done | Not done | Not done | 1.358 ± 0.939 | Not done | Not done |
Controls | Not done | Not done | Not done | 0.416 ± 0.122 | Not done | Not done | |
Bogden et al. 1990 [45], USA | Patients | Not done | Not done | Not done | Not done | a43.86 ± 2.44 | Not done |
Controls | Not done | Not done | Not done | Not done | Not done | Not done | |