Table 4 Functions, known targets and disease associations of differentially expressed miRNA

miR-29c

Downregulation

Positive regulation of NFκB signaling [26]

TNFAIP3 [26]

Tuberculosis – upregulated [42]

Influenza → Upregulation.^†† Promotes apoptosis [43]

BCL2L2 [43]

Asthma – downregulated [37]

miR-31

Upregulation

Proliferation of myeloid cells [33]

E-selectin [44]

Influenza – downregulated [35]

miR-155

Upregulation

Proliferation of myeloid cells [33]

SHIP1 [33]

Influenza – downregulated [35]

Dendritic cell maturation [34,45]

PU.1 [45], SOCS1, CD115, KPC1 [34]

Positive regulation of TLR signaling [18]

SOCS1 [18]

Required for dendritic, B and T-cell function [32]

let-7d

Upregulation

Promotes T_h1 polarization [40]

IL13 [40]

Asthma – downregulated [46]

Endotoxin → Upregulation (TLR4 dep.) ^†† [23]

miR-16

Upregulation

Negative regulation of inflammation [47]

TNFα [47]

Sepsis – improved survival [48]

Positive regulation of NFκB signaling [24]

SMRT [24]

Negative regulation of NFκB signaling [28]

IKKα [28]

Endotoxin → Upregulation (TLR4 dep) ^†† [23]

miR-27b

Downregulation

TLR4/NFκB induced nitric oxide production [49]

KSRP [49]

Asthma – downregulated [37]

Endotoxin → Upregulation (NFκB dep) ^†† [50]

miR-34b

Downregulation

Endotoxin → Upregulation (TLR4 dep) ^†† [23]

Asthma – downregulated [37]

miR-34c

Downregulation

Negative regulation of NFκB signaling; DAMPs* → Upregulation [16]

IKKγ [16]

Asthma – downregulated [37]

In cord blood monocytes: IFNγ → Upregulation^††; Endotoxin → no regulation^†† [17]

miR-125a

Downregulation

Positive regulation of NFκB signaling [19]

TNFAIP3 [19]

Inhibits CCL5 production [30]

KLF13 [30]

Macrophage polarization [27,51]

miR-125b

Downregulation

Positive regulation of NFκB signaling [19]

TNFAIP3 [19]

CERS** – upregulated [52]

Negative regulation of NFκB signaling [18]

MyD88 [18]

Activates Macrophages [20]

IRF4 [20]

Modulates dendritic cell differentiation [21]

PRDM1 [21]

Maintains naïve state in CD4+ T-cells [53]

IFNγ, IL2RB, IL10RA, PRDM1 [53]

Negative regulation of inflammation [22]

TNFα [22]

miR-203a

Upregulation

Negative regulation of NFκB signaling [25]

Myd88 [25]

Asthma – upregulated [38]

Negative regulation of inflammation [54]

TNFα, IL24 [54]

miR-429

Downregulation