Table 1 Predictor variables (data layers) in the study

Evi max

Maximum EVI

EVI = 2.5 × (NIR-RED)/(NIR + 6.0 × RED–7.5 × BLUE + 1.0)

Evi mean

Mean EVI

Evi min

Minimum EVI

lst max

Maximum LST (°C)

lst mean

Mean LST (°C)

split-window method

lst min

Minimum LST (°C)

Mir max

Maximum MIR

Mir mean

Mean MIR

MODIS band 7

Mir min

Minimum MIR

Prec max

Maximum precipitation (mm)

Prec mean

Mean precipitation (mm)

Prec min

Minimum precipitation (mm)

Alt

Altitude (m)

Bio 1

Annual mean temperature (°C)

Bio 2

Mean diurnal range(°C)

max temp - min temp

Bio 3

Isothermality

(bio2 / bio7) × 100

Bio 4

Temperature seasonality

(std. dev. / mean) × 100

Bio 5

Max temperature of warmest month (°C)

Bio 6

Min temperature of coldest month (°C)

Bio 7

Temperature annual range (°C)

bio5 - bio6

Bio 8

Mean temperature of wettest quarter (°C)

Bio 9

Mean temperature of driest quarter (°C)

Bio 10

Mean temperature of warmest quarter (°C)

Bio 11

Mean temperature of coldest quarter (°C)

Bio 12

Annual precipitation (mm)

Bio 13

Precipitation of wettest month (mm)

Bio 14

Precipitation of driest month (mm)

Bio 15

Precipitation seasonality

(std. dev. / mean) × 100

Bio 16

Precipitation of wettest quarter (mm)

Bio 17

Precipitation of driest quarter (mm)

Bio 18

Precipitation of warmest quarter (mm)

Bio 19

Precipitation of coldest quarter (mm)

Access

Travel time to the nearest major settlement of population size 50,000 or more (minutes)

Pop

Population density (person/km²) in 2000

Cattle05

Cattle density (heads/km²) in 2005

Rumi05

Small ruminants density (heads/km²) in 2005

Cattle10

Cattle density (heads/km²) in 2010

Goat10

Goats density (heads /km²) in 2010

Sheep10

Sheep density (heads/km²) in 2010