Skip to main content

Table 4 Abdominal symptoms two years after Giardia infection reported in a cohort of 1017 cases, associated with patient characteristics and factors during giardiasis.

From: Severity of Giardiainfection associated with post-infectious fatigue and abdominal symptoms two years after

Characteristics

N

Abdominal symptoms

  

No

N (%)

Unsure

N (%)

Yes

N (%)

Simple regression analysisa

Multiple regression analysisb

     

OR

p-value

OR

p-value

95% CI

Gender

       

0.029

 

   Male

355

138 (39)

87 (25)

130 (37)

1.00

 

1.00

  

   Female

622

222 (36)

141(23)

259 (42)

1.20

0.158

1.45

 

(1.04, 2.04)

Age c (years)

977

   

1.01

0.064

-

Ns

-

Abdominal problems before 2004 leading to

         

   Visiting doctor

119

35 (29)

39 (33)

45 (38)

1.13

0.516

-

Ns

-

   Hospitalisation

17

4 (24)

8 (48)

5 (30)

1.04

0 925

-

Ns

-

   Sick leave

18

7 (39)

8 (44)

3 (17)

0.62

0.286

-

Ns

-

   Use of medication

40

12 (30)

16 (40)

12 (30)

0.94

0.826

 

Ns

 

   Problems without seeking health care

94

30 (32)

26 (28)

38 (40)

1.13

0.539

-

Ns

-

No abdominal problems before 2004

883

330 (37)

202 (23)

351 (40)

1.18

0.220

-

Ns

 

Acute giardiasis

         

   Diarrhoea

880

318 (36)

211 (24)

351 (40)

1.19

0.390

-

Ns

-

   Abdominal pain

674

212 (32)

160 (24)

302 (45)

2.05

<0.001

-

Ns

-

   Weight loss

529

187 (35)

128 (24)

214 (41)

1.10

0.411

-

Ns

-

   Malaise

742

242 (33)

183 (25)

317 (43)

1.91

<0.001

-

Ns

-

   Nausea

632

226 (36)

150 (24)

256 (41)

1.11

0.391

-

Ns

-

   Foul smell

595

178 (30)

146 (25)

271 (46)

2.00

<0.001

-

Ns

 

   Bloating

645

176 (27)

158 (25)

311 (48)

3.20

<0.001

1.51

0.023

(1.06, 2.16)

Treatment refractory infection d

28

7 (25)

6 (21)

15 (54)

1.78

0.117

3.08

0.030

(1.11, 8.53)

Treatment courses e

       

<0.001

 

   0 or 1

360

242 (67)

85 (24)

33 (9)

1.00

 

1.00

  

   2 or more

237

99 (42)

69 (29)

69 (29)

3.23

<0.001

3.39

<0.001

(2.33, 4.94)

   Recovered during course but relapsed

3

1 (33)

1 (33)

1 (33)

4.38

0.166

5.05

Ns

(0.57, 45.11)

   Not recovered

374

16 (4)

73 (20)

285 (76)

30.54

<0.001

32.81

<0.001

(21.67, 49.65)

Sick leave e

       

Ns

 

   No sick leave

387

162 (42)

85 (22)

140 (36)

1.00

 

1.00

  

   < 1 week

61

20 (33)

19 (31)

22 (36)

1.21

0.460

-

Ns

-

   1-2 weeks

105

41 (39)

32 (31)

32 (31)

0.95

0.806

-

Ns

-

   > 2 weeks

153

43 (28)

27 (18)

83 (54)

2.04

<0.001

-

Ns

-

   Not working

241

85 (35)

60 (25)

96 (40)

1.26

0.150

-

Ns

-

Delayed education e

       

0.020

 

   No delay

306

140 (46)

65 (21)

101 (33)

1.00

 

1.00

  

   < 1 semester

67

25 (37)

15 (22)

27 (40)

1.40

0.175

1.06

Ns

(0.60, 1.89)

   1 semester

42

9 (21)

10 (24)

23 (55)

2.69

0.002

2.47

0.024

(1.13, 5.45)

   > 1 semester

34

1 (3)

8 (24)

25 (74)

6.64

<0.001

3.50

0.013

(1.30, 9.38)

   Not a student

379

141 (37)

91 (24)

147 (39)

1.36

0.031

3.14

Ns

(0.80, 1.63)

  1. Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; Ns, not significant; CI, confidence interval.
  2. a Simple ordinal logistic regression analysis (proportional odds model).
  3. b Ordinal logistic regression analysis. Multiple regression analysis included all variables in the table. Missing values; n = 205.
  4. c Age as continuous variable in the statistical analysis.
  5. d All cases successfully treated with albendazole + metronidazole, paromomycin or quinacrine + metronidazole after 30 (mean) weeks duration of infection [11].
  6. e Categorical variable in the statistical analysis including the categories shown in the table. Likelihood-ratio test (STATA).
Back to article page

BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

Contact us