Table 1 General characteristics of the study population (N = 5128), their bivariate association with HIV-1 antibody status, and results from random effects multiple regression model.

Sample source

Detoxification center

2871

56.0

5.8

0.002

1

Community

1621

31.6

4.0

0.77 (0.55–1.09)

0.143

Others¹

636

12.4

7.6

0.66 (0.46–0.93)

0.019

Gender

Male

4348

84.8

5.5

0.940

1

Female

780

15.2

5.4

0.73 (0.50–1.07)

0.111

Age

<= 30

2676

52.2

6.2

0.012

1.04 (0.80–1.36)

0.750

> 30

2452

47.8

4.6

1

Marital status

live without partner

2821

55.0

5.1

0.195

1

live with partner

2307

45.0

5.9

1.00 (0.79–1.27)

0.991

Place of residence

Local

4393

85.7

5.9

< 0.001

1

Transient

735

14.3

2.5

1.27 (0.64–2.51)

0.490

Nation

Han

3794

74.0

2.9

< 0.001

1

Minority

1334

26.0

12.7

1.38 (0.93–2.04)

0.107

Education

<= 9 years

1710

33.4

9.0

< 0.001

1

> 9 years

3418

66.6

3.7

1.17 (0.89–1.53)

0.250

Profession

white collar

1744

34.0

8.6

< 0.001

1.18 (0.85–1.64)

0.313

blue collar

3384

66.0

3.8

1

Monthly income

<= 600

2147

41.9

6.9

< 0.001

1

601–2000

1127

22.0

4.5

1.56 (1.13–2.15)

0.007

> 2000

313

6.1

1.9

0.51 (0.24–1.08)

0.080

Missing

1541

30.1

4.7

1.05 (0.79–1.39)

0.751

Age at first drug use

<= 30

4189

81.7

5.5

0.05

1

> 30

707

13.8

4.1

0.71 (0.48–1.05)

0.088

Missing

232

4.5

1.6

0.79 (0.38–1.65)

0.532

IDU and sharing needles (ever)

no IDU

2411

47.0

3.7

< 0.001

1

IDU, no sharing of needles

1506

29.4

4.9

1.89 (1.37–2.61)

< 0.001

IDU, sharing needles

1211

23.6

9.5

3.15 (2.29–4.33)

< 0.001

Having commercial sex in last 12 months

No

4455

86.9

5.5

0.148

1

Yes

85

1.7

9.4

1.33 (0.66–2.70)

0.4265

Missing information

588

11.5

4.4

0.73 (0.50–1.06)

0.102

STD symptoms in last 12 months

No

4418

86.2

5.3

0.338

1

Yes

710

13.9

6.2

0.76 (0.55–1.05)

0.100