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Table 2 Potential risk factors associated with Giardia duodenalis assemblages A and B infections among Orang Asli (univariate analysis, n = 611)

From: Molecular epidemiology of giardiasis among Orang Asli in Malaysia: application of the triosephosphate isomerase gene

 

Assemblage A

Assemblage B

Variables

No. examined

% Infected

OR (95% CI)

P-value

No. examined

% Infected

OR (95% CI)

P-value

Age (years)

        

  <15

277

10.1

0.99 (0.759, 1.68)

0.977

277

8.3

2.23 (1.11, 4.50)

0.021a

  ≥15

334

10.2

1

 

334

3.9

1

 

Gender

        

  Male

266

12.0

1.44 (0.85, 2.43)

0.176

266

6.4

1.17 (0.60, 2.30)

0.646

  Female

345

8.7

1

 

345

5.5

1

 

Drinking untreated water

        

  Yes

233

13.3

1.72 (1.01, 2.91)

0.042a

233

8.2

1.89 (0.96, 3.71)

0.062

  No

378

8.2

1

 

378

4.5

1

 

Bathing and washing in the river

        

  Yes

175

7.4

0.63 (0.34, 1.20)

0.159

175

8.0

1.64 (0.82, 3.28)

0.161

  No

436

11.2

1

 

436

5.0

1

 

Not washing hands after playing with soil or gardening

        

  Yes

215

10.7

1.10 (0.64, 1.89)

0.740

215

10.7

1.10 (0.64, 1.89)

0.740

  No

396

9.8

1

 

396

9.8

1

 

Close contact with household pets

        

  Yes

341

13.8

2.72 (1.48, 4.98)

0.001a

341

7.0

1.63 (0.80, 3.32)

0.176

  No

270

5.6

1

 

270

4.4

1

 
 

Assemblage A

Assemblage B

Variables

No. examined

% Infected

OR (95% CI)

P -value

No. examined

% Infected

OR (95% CI)

P -value

Indiscriminate defecation

        

  Yes

205

10.7

1.10 (0.64, 1.91)

0.734

205

7.3

1.45 (0.73,2.87)

0.288

  No

406

9.9

1

 

406

5.2

1

 

Sewage disposal

        

  Outdoor

264

10.2

1.01 (0.60, 1.73)

0.954

264

7.6

1.70 (0.86, 3.34)

0.123

  Common drainage

347

10.1

1

 

347

4.6

1

 

Eating with hands

        

  Yes

390

9.2

0.76 (0.45, 1.30)

0.319

390

6.7

1.51 (0.71, 3.19)

0.280

  No

221

11.8

1

 

221

4.5

1

 

Consuming raw vegetables

        

  Yes

287

11.8

1.42 (0.84, 2.41)

0.190

287

9.1

3.13 (1.48, 6.61)

0.002a

  No

324

8.6

1

 

324

3.1

1

 

Eating fresh fruits

        

  Yes

470

10.4

1.15 (0.60, 2.18)

0.678

470

7.0

3.47 (1.05, 11.50)

0.030a

  No

141

9.2

1

 

141

2.1

1

 

Father’s education

        

  Non-educated (<6 yrs)

253

9.9

1.02 (0.48, 2.15)

0.965

253

4.3

0.98 (0.33, 2.90)

0.973

  Educated (>6 yrs)

113

9.7

1

 

113

4.4

1

 

Mother’s education

        

  Non-educated (<6 yrs)

250

10.8

1.44 (0.65, 3.17)

0.363

250

4.0

0.76 (0.27, 2.16)

0.610

  Educated (>6 yrs)

116

7.8

1

 

116

5.2

1

 

Non working mother

        

  Yes

157

10.8

1.21 (0.61, 2.42)

0.581

157

7.0

3.07 (1.05, 9.04)

0.033a

  No

209

9.1

1

 

209

2.4

1

 
 

Assemblage A

Assemblage B

Variables

No. examined

% Infected

OR (95% CI)

P -value

No. examined

% Infected

OR (95% CI)

P -value

Household members

        

  ≥8

216

11.1

1.17 (0.68, 2.02)

0.560

216

6.5

1.18 (0.59, 2.35)

0.647

  <8

395

9.6

1

 

395

5.6

1

 

Household monthly incomeb

        

  ≤RM500

315

10.2

1.00 (0.59, 1.70)

0.992

315

7.3

1.72 (0.85, 3.45)

0.127

  >RM500

296

10.1

1

 

296

4.4

1

 

Other family members infected with giardiasis

        

  Yes

142

14.1

1.67 (0.94, 2.95)

0.076

142

16.9

7.75 (3.76, 15.94)

<0.001a

  No

469

9.0

1

 

469

2.6

1

 
  1. CI = Confidence interval.
  2. OR = Odds ratio, Reference group marked as OR = 1.
  3. aSignificant association (P < 0.05).
  4. bRM = Malaysian Ringgit; ≤US$ 156.02 (10th December 2013).
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