Human papillomavirus infection in Bhutan at the moment of implementation of a national HPV vaccination programme

Tshomo, Ugyen; Franceschi, Silvia; Dorji, Dorji; Baussano, Iacopo; Tenet, Vanessa; Snijders, Peter JF; Meijer, Chris JLM; Bleeker, Maaike CG; Gheit, Tarik; Tommasino, Massimo; Clifford, Gary M

doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-408

BMC Infectious Diseases

Table 2 Prevalence ratios (PR) for human papillomavirus (HPV) positivity and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) according to selected characteristics among 2,505 women in Bhutan, 2011-2012

From: Human papillomavirus infection in Bhutan at the moment of implementation of a national HPV vaccination programme

Characteristic	N women^a	HPV-positive (%)	Adjusted^bPR	95% CI	Adjusted^cPR	95% CI
Age-group (years)
≤24	885	289 (32.7)	1	-	1	-
25-34	852	223 (26.2)	0.82	0.71-0.95	0.81	0.70-0.94
35-44	435	85 (19.5)	0.61	0.49-0.75	0.57	0.46-0.71
≥45	333	58 (17.4)	0.53	0.42-0.69	0.51	0.39-0.65
χ ² ₁ for trend			p < 0.001		p < 0.001
Hospital where examined
Thimphu	1638	460 (28.1)	1	-	1	-
Lungthenphu	867	195 (22.5)	0.81	0.70-0.94	0.82	0.71-0.95
Type of invitation
Clinic	1835	483 (26.3)	1	-	1	-
Door to door	670	172 (25.7)	1.06	0.91-1.24	1.08	0.92-1.26
Ethnic group
Scharchop	949	264 (27.8)	1	-	1	-
Ngalop	586	180 (30.7)	1.11	0.95-1.30	1.11	0.94-1.30
Lhotsampa	585	116 (19.8)	0.69	0.57-0.83	0.70	0.57-0.85
Other	371	88 (23.7)	0.90	0.74-1.11	0.89	0.72-1.09
Education (yrs)
Illiterate	1209	292 (24.2)	1	-	1	-
1-9	512	132 (25.8)	1.02	0.85-1.21	1.02	0.85-1.21
≥10	750	221 (29.5)	1.07	0.92-1.24	1.09	0.94-1.28
χ ² ₁ for trend			p = 0.415		p = 0.274
Marital status
Married	2298	586 (25.5)	1	-	1	-
Single	54	19 (35.2)	1.22	0.84-1.76	1.60	1.14-2.24
Separated/widowed	137	42 (30.7)	1.34	1.04-1.74	1.31	1.01-1.69
Number of marriages ^d
1	2209	549 (24.9)	1	-	1	-
≥2	201	67 (33.3)	1.62	1.32-1.99	1.27	0.86-1.86
Number of pregnancies
Nulliparous	276	117 (42.4)	1.46	1.23-1.74	1.50	1.26-1.78
1	776	228 (29.4)	1	-	1	-
2	588	134 (22.8)	0.85	0.70-1.03	0.83	0.68-1.01
≥3	839	163 (19.4)	0.84	0.67-1.05	0.81	0.65-1.01
χ ² ₁ for trend ^e			p = 0.159		p = 0.090
Age at first pregnancy ^e
<19	554	145 (26.2)	1	-	1	-
19-21	885	222 (25.1)	0.93	0.78-1.11	0.98	0.82-1.17
≥22	754	155 (20.6)	0.78	0.63-0.95	0.81	0.66-0.99
χ ² ₁ for trend			p = 0.014		p = 0.041
Contraceptive use
Never	562	173 (30.8)	1	-	1	-
Ever	1860	458 (24.6)	0.80	0.69-0.93	0.76	0.66-0.89
Hormonal only	853	233 (27.3)	0.82	0.69-0.96	0.78	0.66-0.92
Hormonal + other	276	63 (22.8)	0.79	0.61-1.02	0.74	0.57-0.95
Other only	777	174 (22.4)	0.78	0.65-0.94	0.75	0.63-0.90
Lifetime sexual partners ^f
1	2228	566 (25.4)	1	-	1	-
2	180	60 (33.3)	1.54	1.24-1.92	1.54	1.24-1.92
≥3	26	10 (38.5)	1.93	1.21-3.08	1.93	1.21-3.08
χ ² ₁ for trend			p < 0.001		p < 0.001
Husbands “extramarital” sexual relationships ^d
No	1966	481 (24.5)	1	-	1	-
Yes, before marriage only	308	95 (30.8)	1.30	1.08-1.55	1.23	1.02-1.48
Yes, during marriage	78	28 (35.9)	1.71	1.27-2.31	1.49	1.09-2.05
Uncertain	76	22 (29.0)	1.02	0.72-1.47	1.00	0.70-1.43
History of receiving cash for sex ^g
No	2467	641 (26.0)	1	-	1	-
Yes	9	5 (55.6)	2.77	1.55-4.95	-	-
Last PAP smear (yrs)
Never	1367	418 (30.6)	1	-	1	-
Ever	1114	229 (20.6)	0.77	0.66-0.90	0.77	0.66-0.90
Evidence of genital warts at visit ^h
No	2473	640 (25.9)	1	-	1	-
Yes	5	3 (60.0)	2.17	1.06-4.45	2.23	1.09-4.59

^aSome figures do not add up to the total due to missing values.
^bAdjusted for age and hospital as appropriate.
^cAdjusted for age, hospital and lifetime sexual partners as appropriate.
^dAmong ever married women only.
^eAmong parous women only.
^f3 virgins excluded.
^gModel does not converge for PR adjusted for lifetime sexual partners.
^hPR not adjusted for age because model does not converge.

Back to article page

ISSN: 1471-2334

Contact us

Submission enquiries: bmcinfectiousdiseases@biomedcentral.com
General enquiries: ORSupport@springernature.com