Variable | Number (percentages in parenthesis) total sample = 243 | |
---|---|---|
Outcome | Positive | 164 (67%) |
Negative or equivocal | 79 (33%) | |
Level of sampling | Individual | 72 (30%) |
Region/Country | 124 (51%) | |
Other | 47 (19%) | |
Level of analysis | Individual | 178 (73%) |
Region/Country | 53 (22%) | |
Other | 12 (5%) | |
Children/Adults | Children | 88 (36%) |
Adults | 62 (26%) | |
Both | 93 (38%) | |
Bacteria* | Streptococcus | 132 (54%) |
Staphylococcus | 50 (21%) | |
Enteric Bacteria | 69 (28%) | |
Haemophilus | 24 (10%) | |
Other | 17 (7%) | |
Most common bacteria/Drug combinations** | B-lactam resistant S pneumonia | 104 (43%) |
Macrolide resistant S pneumonia | 56 (23%) | |
Quinolone resistant E coli | 41 (17%) | |
B-lactam resistant E coli | 35 (14%) | |
Sulphonamide resistant E coli | 31 (13%) | |
Methicillin-resistant S aureus | 38 (16%) | |
Most common antibiotics consumed*** | B-lactams | 132 (54%) |
Macrolides | 93 (38%) | |
Sulphonamides | 59 (24%) | |
Quinolones | 52 (21%) | |
Antibiotic not specified | 65 (27%) | |
Time between consumption and resistance^ | Six months or less | 129 (53%) |
More than 6 months | 57 (23%) | |
Same time | 43 (18%) | |
Not specified | 14 (6%) | |
How antibiotic consumption was assessed# | Self report | 99 (41%) |
Medical records | 92 (38%) | |
Sales/Prescriptions | 65 (27%) | |
Direct application of antibiotic | 14 (6%) | |
Region where study was conducted## | Northern Europe | 66 (27%) |
Southern Europe | 45 (18%) | |
US | 67 (28%) | |
Other | 61 (25%) | |
Type of study | Cross-sectional | 101 (42%) |
Ecological | 56 (23%) | |
Case–control | 35 (14%) | |
Quasi-experiment | 21 (9%) | |
Other | 30 (12%) |