Table 2 Univariate analyses: factors associated with severity among ≥5 year-old patients hospitalized with community-acquired acute lower respiratory infection, April 2007 - December 2009, Kampong Cham and Takeo provinces, Cambodia (N = 1,904)
Severe cases | Non-severe cases | p values | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total numbers (N = 1904) | 188 | 9.9% | 1716 | 90.1% | |
Median age in years (range) | 25.5 | 8-56 | 55 | 41-66 | <0.001 |
Mean age in years | 32.1 | 51.8 | <0.001 | ||
Age groups in years | |||||
5-14 | 80 | 42.6% | 74 | 4.3% | <0.001 |
15 - 49 | 50 | 26.6% | 609 | 35.5% | 0.019 |
≥50 | 58 | 30.9% | 1033 | 60.2% | <0.001 |
Gender, male | 106 | 56.4% | 835 | 48.7% | 0.068 |
Signs and symptoms | |||||
Wheezing | 63 | 33.5% | 198 | 11.5% | <0.001 |
Dry cough | 84 | 44.7% | 435 | 25.3% | <0.001 |
Time interval between presentation and symptoms onset in days | |||||
Median (IQR) | 4 | 2-7 | 6 | 4-9 | <0.001 |
Mean | 4.9 | 6.4 | <0.001 | ||
Duration of hospital stay in days | |||||
Median (IQR) | 5 | 3-7 | 7 | 4-11 | <0.001 |
Mean | 6.1 | 8.6 | <0.001 | ||
Reports of medicine use prior to admission | |||||
no antibiotics used | 97 | 51.6% | 835 | 48.7% | NS |
Unidentified drugs used | 62 | 33.0% | 714 | 41.6% | 0.028 |
Antibiotics used | 29 | 15.4% | 154 | 9.0% | 0.007 |
Patient outcomes | |||||
Deceased | 17 | 9.0% | 44 | 2.6% | <0.001 |
Cured or improved | 132 | 70.2% | 1132 | 66.0% | NS |
Transferred | 32 | 17.0% | 450 | 26.2% | 0.008 |
Escaped | 7 | 3.7% | 90 | 5.2% | NS |
Co-morbidities | |||||
Cardiovascular disorder | 28 | 14.9% | 190 | 11.1% | NS |
Diabetes mellitus | 20 | 10.6% | 175 | 10.2% | NS |
Renal disorder | 18 | 9.6% | 113 | 6.6% | NS |
Liver disorder | 0 | 0.0% | 16 | 0.9% | NS |
Laboratory results | |||||
Leukocytosis | 106 | 57.3% | 552 | 32.3% | <0.001 |
Neutrocytosis | 106 | 58.6% | 523 | 34.0% | <0.001 |
Lymphocytosis | 14 | 8.5% | 85 | 5.6% | NS |
Patients tested by microbiology method | |||||
Blood culture | 168 | 89.4% | 1527 | 89.0% | NS |
Sputum culture | 47 | 25.0% | 843 | 49.1% | 0.002 |
Blood or sputum culture | 173 | 92.0% | 1616 | 94.2% | NS |
Sputum smear for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) | 113 | 60.1% | 1569 | 91.4% | <0.001 |
Nasopharyngeal swabs | 184 | 97.9% | 1671 | 97.4% | NS |
Samples collected for bacterial & AFB etiologies | 173 | 92.0% | 1623 | 94.6% | NS |
Samples collected for bacterial & viral etiologies | 169 | 89.9% | 1579 | 92.0% | NS |
Bacterial or viral yield | |||||
Positive blood culture | 9 | 5.4% | 24 | 1.6% | 0.002 |
Positive sputum culture | 15 | 31.9% | 257 | 30.5% | NS |
Positive blood or sputum culture | 24 | 13.9% | 276 | 17.1% | NS |
Positive smear for AFB | 13 | 11.5% | 251 | 16.0% | <0.001 |
Positive PCR for viruses | 55 | 29.9% | 250 | 15.0% | <0.001 |
Bacterial etiologies | |||||
H. influenzae | 5 | 2.9% | 109 | 6.7% | 0.074 |
S. pneumoniae | 3 | 1.7% | 50 | 3.1% | NS |
B pseudomallei | 5 | 2.9% | 23 | 1.4% | NS |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 5 | 2.9% | 38 | 2.4% | NS |
P. aeroginosa | 1 | 0.6% | 36 | 2.2% | NS |
S. aureus | 1 | 0.6% | 10 | 0.6% | NS |
AFB | 13 | 7.5% | 251 | 15.5% | 0.030 |
Viral etiologies | |||||
Rhinovirus | 32 | 17.4% | 119 | 7.1% | <0.001 |
Respiratory syncytial virus | 6 | 3.3% | 48 | 2.9% | NS |
Influenza viruses | 4 | 2.2% | 33 | 2.0% | NS |
Coronaviruses | 6 | 3.3% | 25 | 1.5% | NS |
Human metapneumovirus | 4 | 2.2% | 10 | 0.6% | 0.054 |
Other viruses | 5 | 2.7% | 21 | 1.3% | NS |
Mixed infections (% = # of the positive results) | |||||
>1 pathogen (AFB, bacterium or virus) | 3 | 3.5% | 60 | 8.9% | NS |
>1 bacterium identified | 1 | 1.2% | 25 | 3.7% | NS |
AFB and ≥1 bacterium identified | 1 | 1.2% | 29 | 4.3% | NS |
Co-infections AFB & virus | 0 | 0.0% | 26 | 3.9% | NS |
Co-infections virus-virus | 2 | 2.3% | 6 | 0.9% | NS |
Overall etiology results | |||||
Bacterial etiologies (AFB or other bacteria) | 36 | 20.8% | 498 | 30.7% | <0.001 |
Viral and bacterial etiologies | 86 | 50.9% | 674 | 42.7% | <0.001 |