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Table 1 Baseline and clinical characteristics of 61 cirrhotic patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia and 61 controls with Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia

From: Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in patients with liver cirrhosis: a comparison with bacteremia caused by Enterobacteriaceae

Variable

Case patients

Control patients

P

(n = 61)

(n = 61)

Age (mean in year ± SD)

56.8 ± 13.1

60.7 ± 8.9

0.06

Male (%)

46 (75.4)

44 (72.1)

0.68

Etiology of liver cirrhosis (%)

  

0.10

  HBV

41 (67.2)

44 (72.1)

 

  HCV

6 (9.8)

11 (18.0)

 

  Alcohol

1 (1.6)

2 (3.3)

 

  Cryptogenic

11 (18.0)

4 (6.6)

 

  Biliary

2 (3.3)

0 (0.0)

 

Source of bacteremia (%)

  

<0.01

  Lung

4 (6.6)

1 (1.6)

 

  Urinary tract

1 (1.6)

6 (9.8)

 

  CVC

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

  SBP

6 (9.8)

19 (31.2)

 

  Biliary tree

32 (52.5)

16 (26.3)

 

  Abdomena

7 (11.5)

3 (4.9)

 

  Other

2 (3.3)

1 (1.6)

 

  Unknown

9 (14.8)

15 (24.6)

 

Onset of bacteremia (%)

  

<0.01

  Community acquired

10 (16.4)

28 (45.9)

 

  Nosocomialb

51 (83.6)

33 (54.1)

 

Child-Pugh class (%)

  

0.64

  A

17 (27.9)

16 (26.2)

 

  B

24 (39.3)

22 (36.1)

 

  C

20 (32.8)

23 (37.7)

 

Pitt bacteremia score (mean ± SD)

2.0 ± 2.6

1.4 ± 1.9

0.14

Charlson weighted index of comorbidity (mean ± SD)

5.7 ± 1.9

5.2 ± 1.7

0.16

Comorbid conditions (%)

   

  Liver transplantation

20 (32.8)

10 (16.4)

0.04

  Biliary disease

39 (63.9)

18 (29.5)

<0.01

  Diabetes mellitus

4 (6.6)

5 (8.2)

1.00

  End stage renal disease

5 (8.2)

4 (6.6)

1.00

  Hepatocellular carcinoma

40 (65.6)

38 (62.3)

0.71

  Solid tumor other than HCC

8 (13.1)

4 (6.6)

0.36

  Hematologic malignancies

3 (4.7)

0 (0.0)

0.24

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 (1.6)

0 (0.0)

1.00

  Bronchiectasis

2 (3.3)

0 (0.0)

0.50

Clinical presentation (%)

   

  Fever

51 (83.6)

49 (80.3)

0.64

  Acute renal failure

0 (0.0)

6 (9.8)

0.03

  Septic shock

5 (8.2)

7 (11.5)

0.54

Co-existing conditions (%)

   

  Neutropenia

2 (3.3)

0 (0.0)

0.50

  Immunosuppressive drugc

24 (39.3)

11 (18.0)

<0.01

  CVC

2 (3.3)

6 (9.8)

0.27

  Urinary catheter

2 (3.3)

5 (8.2)

0.44

  Nasogastric tube

2 (3.3)

3 (4.9)

1.00

Previous exposure of antibiotics (%)

52 (85.3)

50 (82.03)

0.47

Polymicrobial bacteremia (%)

5 (8.2)d

2 (3.3)e

0.44

Laboratory data at the time of bacteremia

   

  Bilirubin (mg/dL), median (IQR)

3.7 (1.2 - 13.4)

2.2 (1.4 - 5.5)

0.34

  Prothrombin time (by INR), median (IQR)

1.29 (1.11 - 1.56)

1.43 (1.21 - 1.70)

0.02

  Albumin (g/dL), median (IQR)

3.1 (2.8 - 3.8)

3.0 (2.6 - 3.4)

0.30

  Creatinine (mg/dL), median (IQR)

1.00 (0.81 - 1.56)

1.00 (0.90 - 1.40)

0.50

Appropriate initial antibiotic regimen (%)

18 (29.5)

40 (65.6)

<0.01

30-day mortality (%)

12 (19.7)

15 (24.6)

0.51

  1. aIntra-abdominal infection excluding SBP and biliary tree infection.
  2. bIncludes both nosocomial bacteremia and healthcare-associated bacteremia.
  3. cIncludes anti-neoplastic drugs, cytotoxic drugs, and corticosteroids.
  4. dAssociated bacteria were Enterococcus faecalis (2), Enterococcus faecium (1), Enterococcus gallinarum (1), Staphylococcus epidermis (1).
  5. eAssociated bacteria were Salmonella enterica + E. faecium (1), Serratia liquefaciens + Enterobacter cloacae (1).
  6. Abbreviation: SD standard deviation, HBV hepatitis B virus, HCV hepatitis C virus, CVC central venous catheter, SBP spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, IQR interquartile range, HCC hepatocellular carcinoma, INR international normalized ratio.