Travel-related schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, filariasis, and toxocariasis: the risk of infection and the diagnostic relevance of blood eosinophilia

Table 4 Potential risk factors for previous infection with schistosoma spp

	Total	Antibody-positive		Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
		N	PR	PRR	(95%CI)	p-value	PRR	(95%CI)	p-value
Number of subjects	1207	112	9.3%	NA
Sex
Male	521	60	11.5%	1.6	(1.1-2.3)	0.020	1.6	(1.1-2.4)	0.020
Female	686	52	7.6%	1			1
Median age in years	38	43		1.01	(0.99-1.03)	0.076
(Interquartile range)	(29-51)	(31-54)
Country of birth
Western country	1118	100	8.9%	1			1
Non-Western country	89	12	13.5%	1.6	(0.84-3.0)	0.16	1.1	(0.58-2.2)	0.71
Previous travel to a developing country						0.022			0.14
Never	221	12	5.4%	1			1
1 to 5 times	703	64	9.1%	1.7	(0.92-3.3)	0.086	1.7	(0.83-3.3)	0.15
6 times or more	283	36	12.7%	2.5	(1.3-5.0)	0.007	2.2	(1.01-4.7)	0.048
Previous travel destinations
Not Asia	537	41	7.6%	1
Asia	670	71	10.6%	1.4	(0.96-2.1)	0.08
Not Latin America	661	51	7.7%	1			1
Latin America	546	61	11.2%	1.5	(1.02-2.2)	0.040	1.2	(0.78-1.9)	0.41
Not Africa	679	56	8.2%	1
Africa	528	56	10.6%	1.3	(0.89-1.9)	0.16
Primary purpose of current travel						0.005			0.010
Tourism	1032	84	8.1%	1			1
Work or education	99	15	15.2%	2.0	(1.1-3.6)	0.021	1.9	(1.1-3.6)	0.030
Visiting friends/relatives	76	13	17.1%	2.1	(1.2-4.4)	0.009	2.2	(1.2-4.3)	0.016
N: number of cases
PR: prevalence rate
PRR: prevalence rate ratio
CI: confidence intervals
NA: not applicable

ISSN: 1471-2334