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Table 2 Adults and children, univariate associations between explanatory variables and pneumococcal carriage (aggregate data for 2002 and 2004)

From: Epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carriage of respiratory bacterial pathogens in children and adults: cross-sectional surveys in a population with high rates of pneumococcal disease

Variable

 

Adults

 

Children

  

Positive carriage (%)

Odds ratio

p-value

 

Positive carriage (%)

Odds ratio

p-value

Sex

Female

72/324 (22)

1

  

n/a

n/a

 
 

Male

68/214 (32)

1.63 (1.04-2.56)

0.03

    

Chest infection in the previous month

No

67/329 (20)

1

  

n/a

n/a

 
 

Yes

70/200 (35)

2.11 (1.40-3.18)

< 0.01

    

Runny nose in the previous week

No

60/306 (20)

1

  

76/142 (54)

1

 
 

Yes

71/214 (33)

2.04 (1.37-3.02)

< 0.01

 

147/187 (79)

3.19 (1.97-5.17)

< 0.01

Number household occupants

0

92/306 (30)

1

  

59/103 (57)

1

 
 

1-2

37/187 (20)

0.57 (0.37-0.89)

0.01

 

136/191 (71)

1.84 (1.10-3.08)

0.02

< 5 years

≥3

10/39 (26)

0.80 (0.36-1.77)

0.58

 

38/49 (78)

2.58 (1.14-5.83)

0.02

Number bedroom occupants

0

n/a

n/a

  

142/224 (63)

1

 
 

1

    

27/40 (68)

1.35 (0.63-2.90)

0.44

< 5 years

≥2

    

67/86 (78)

2.12 (1.18-3.81)

0.01

Sits at an outside fire

     

n/a

n/a

 

   Never/monthly

 

35/172 (20)

1

     

   Most days

 

96/347 (28)

1.50 (0.99-2.26)

0.05

    

   Every day

 

7/11 (64)

6.9 (1.9-24.5)

< 0.01

    

Daytime location

 

n/a

n/a

 

School

167/263 (64)

1

 
     

Creche

14/14 (100)

n/a

 
     

Home

22/31 (71)

1.41 (0.64-3.07)

0.39

     

With carer

32/36 (89)

4.60 (1.60-13.2)

< 0.01

Closest personal contact

        

   Adult

 

118/403 (29)

1

 

School

170/268 (63)

1

 

   School child

 

4/25 (16)

0.46 (0.15-1.41)

0.18

Creche

20/22 (91)

5.76 (1.29-25.8)

0.02

   Creche child

 

3/14 (21)

0.66 (0.17-2.50)

0.54

Mother

43/50 (86)

3.54 (1.55-8.1)

< 0.01

   Young child

 

14/88 (16)

0.46 (0.23-0.90)

0.02

    

H. influenzae detected

No

68/415 (16)

1

  

57/149 (38)

1

 
 

Yes

72/123 (59)

7.20 (4.59-11.3)

< 0.01

 

178/201 (89)

12.49 (6.96-22.4)

< 0.01

M. catarrhalis detected

No

94/446 (21)

1

  

35/92 (38)

1

 
 

Yes

46/92 (52)

3.74 (2.36-5.95)

< 0.01

 

200/258 (78)

5.62 (3.21-9.81)

< 0.01

  1. Note: Odds ratios and confidence intervals calculated by logistic regression and adjusted for repeated measures. n/a, not applicable. Adult risk factors excluded from aggregation of 2002 and 2004 data: antibiotic prescription in the previous month, number of bedroom occupants, diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease or chronic lung disease (data not shown), current smoker, fire outside the house, 23PPV in the previous 2 years, number of bedroom occupants < 5 years of age, bedroom occupant includes a child, employed, record of proteinuria or diabetes, influenza vaccination in the previous 2 years, record of excessive alcohol use. Risk factors included in aggregate data: sex, chest infection in the previous month, runny nose in the previous week, number of household occupants < 5 years of age, closest personal contact (young child versus adult), and concurrent carriage of H. influenzae or M. catarrhalis. Frequency sitting at an outside fire was included in aggregate data as p = 0.003 for one category in 2002 but no observations in that category in 2004. Among children, risk factors excluded from aggregation: antibiotic prescription in the previous month, fire outside the house, number of household occupants, number of bedroom occupants, and bedroom occupant includes an adult. Risk factors included in aggregate data: runny nose in the previous week, number of household occupants < 5 years of age, number of bedroom occupants < 5 years of age, daytime location, closest personal contact (mother versus school children), and concurrent carriage of H. influenzae or M. catarrhalis.
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BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

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