Figure 5

Modulation of genes belonging to fatty acid metabolism by LPS and infection. Heat map showing the effect of infection and LPS on transcription of genes participating in fatty acid metabolism, including the genes PPARα and γ. The three columns correspond to the effect of Ft LVS infection alone (24 and 48 hour post-infection) and LPS alone (48 hour post-LPS). The treated group (post-infection or post-LPS) was compared with the untreated control for calculation of fold change (numbers inside the cells). The green color suggests down-regulation (fold change < 1); red color up-regulation (fold change > 1). Genes regulated by PPARα and γ belong to multiple pathways including cellular fatty acid uptake, intracellular fatty acid transport, ketogenesis, lipoprotein metabolism, microsomal fatty acid ω-oxidation, mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, mitochondrial fatty acid uptake, peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation, and peroxisomal fatty acid uptake [41]. Most genes (participating in fatty acid metabolism) are up-regulated after LPS treatment (red color of the cells in the right column) but are down-regulated after infection (green color in the left column). Both post-infection and post-LPS changes in expression of this set of genes were observed to be statistically significant as detected by paired t-test between treated and control groups (p < 0.01; please see details in subsection "Comparison of specific gene expression" under Methods section).