Table 1 Clinical and demographic characteristics at baseline
|  | First diagnosis incorrect (N = 341) | First diagnosis correct (N = 546) | Number of missing values1 | Standard mean difference (SMD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Median (IQR) or N (%) | Median (IQR) or N (%) | N (%) | ||
Age | 64 (54;72) | 66 (54;73) | Â | 0.06 |
Male | 213 (62.5) | 317 (58.1) |  | −0.09 |
Blood sampling from an indwelling line | 56 (16.4) | 12 (2.2) | 185 (20.9) | −0.57 |
Infection caused by anaerobic bacteria | 17 (5.0) | 19 (3.5) |  | −0.07 |
High risk pathogen | 209 (61.3) | 233 (42.7) |  | −0.38 |
Infection caused by gram-positive bacteria | 187 (54.8) | 195 (35.7) |  | −0.39 |
Presentation at outpatient clinic before hospital admission | 137 (40.2) | 362 (66.3) | Â | 0.54 |
Length of hospital stay ≥48 hours before developing bloodstream infection | 162 (47.5) | 122 (22.3) |  | −0.55 |
Pre-treatment with antibiotics before developing bloodstream infection | 135 (39.8) | 127 (23.3) | 3 (0.3) | −0.36 |
Pre-treatment with antibiotic adequate | 33 (9.7) | 45 (8.2) | 5 (0.6) | −0.05 |
Source of infection: | Â | Â | Â | Â |
• Urinary tract | 42 (12.3) | 189 (34.6) |  | 0.54 |
• Gastro-intestinal | 98 (28.7) | 146 (26.7) |  | −0.04 |
• Pulmonary | 17 (5.0) | 72 (13.2) |  | 0.29 |
• Intravascular | 66 (19.4) | 44 (8.1) |  | −0.33 |
• Skin and soft tissue | 18 (5.3) | 51 (9.3) |  | 0.16 |
• Other | 15 (4.4) | 41 (7.5) |  | 0.13 |
• Unknown | 82 (24.0) | 2 (0.4) |  | − 0.77 |
High risk source of infection | 156 (45.8) | 304 (55.7) | Â | 0.20 |
Antibiotic treatment in 2 months before developing bloodstream infection | 194 (58.3) | 238 (45.1) | 26 (2.9) | −0.27 |
History of antibiotic resistance | 57 (16.7) | 73 (13.4) | 19 (2.1) | −0.09 |
Infection caused by resistant gram-negative bacteria in past 6 months | 21 (6.2) | 35 (6.4) |  | 0.01 |
ICU admission in past 6 months | 47 (13.8) | 35 (6.4) |  | −0.25 |
Admission to Dutch hospital in past 6 months | 188 (55.1) | 246 (45.1) |  | −0.20 |
Chronic urological disease | 23 (6.8) | 107 (19.9) | 13 (1.5) | 0.39 |
Lives in nursery home | 14 (4.3) | 16 (3.1) | 38 (4.3) | −0.06 |
Immunocompromised | 209 (61.3) | 262 (48.0) |  | −0.27 |
Prednisolone use | 131 (38.4) | 142 (26.0) |  | −0.27 |
Diabetes mellitus | 60 (17.6) | 125 (22.9) | Â | 0.13 |
Neutropenia < 0.5 before developing bloodstream infection | 87 (25.5) | 26 (4.8) |  | −0.60 |
History of stem cell transplantation | 46 (13.5) | 24 (4.4) |  | −0.32 |
History of solid organ transplantation | 33 (9.7) | 82 (15.0) | Â | 0.16 |
Liver cirrhosis | 8 (2.3) | 12 (2.2) |  | −0.01 |
Current malignancy | 129 (37.8) | 133 (24.4) |  | −0.29 |
Dialysis | 10 (2.9) | 10 (1.8) | 2 (0.2) | −0.07 |
Fever | 187 (56.7) | 346 (64.7) | 22 (2.5) | 0.16 |
Hypotension | 57 (16.7) | 99 (18.1) | Â | 0.04 |
Tachycardia | 170 (49.9) | 303 (55.5) | Â | 0.11 |
Altered state of consciousness (includes somnolence and confusion) | 56 (16.4) | 83 (15.2) |  | −0.03 |
Patient considered ‘ill’ by physician | 91 (26.7) | 130 (23.8) |  | −0.07 |
PITT bacteraemia score | 1 (0;2) | 1 (0;2) |  | −0.18 |
qSOFA score | 1 (0;2) | 1 (0;2) | 84 (9.5) | 0.12 |
qSOFA score missing | 31 (9.1) | 53 (9.7) | Â | 0.02 |
Resistance current pathogen | 58 (17.0) | 103 (18.9) | Â | 0.05 |
History of resistance of current pathogen and history of resistance known at baseline | 21 (6.2) | 30 (5.5) | 1 (0.1) | −0.03 |
ICU admission for two days or more at time of blood sampling | 31 (9.01) | 19 (3.5) | 1 (0.1) | −0.23 |