Table 4 Comparison between survivors and non-survivors in general population and in CAPA cohort
General Population | Survivors n = 249 (71.2%) | Non survivors n = 101 (28.8%) | p-value |
CAPA, n (%) | 21 (8.4) | 34 (33.7) |  < 0.0001 |
Age, median (IQR), years | 70 (59–78) | 83 (73–87) |  < 0.0001 |
Sex (M), n (%) | 158 (63.4) | 67 (66.3) | 0.62 |
Demographics | |||
 Diabetes, n (%) | 55 (22.1) | 24 (23.8) | 0.77 |
 Cardiovascular diseases, n (%) | 61 (24.5) | 44 (43.5) | 0.0008 |
 Hypertension, n (%) | 138 (55.4) | 70 (69.3) | 0.01 |
 Chronic respiratory failure, n (%) | 18 (7.2) | 10 (9.9) | 0.39 |
 Pulmonary fibrosis, n (%) | 9 (3.6) | 6 (5.9) | 0.38 |
 Asthma n (%) | 11 (4.4) | 1 (0.9) | 0.19 |
 COPD, n (%) | 50 (20.1) | 31 (30.7) | 0.03 |
 Bronchiectasis, n (%) | 9 (3.6) | 6 (5.9) | 0.38 |
 Chronic hepatopathy, n (%) | 4 (1.6) | 1 (0.9) |  > 0.99 |
 Hematological malignancy, n (%) | 17 (6.8) | 17 (16.8) | 0.0085 |
 Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 29 (11.6) | 21 (20.8) | 0.04 |
 Renal replacement, n (%) | 11 (4.4) | 6 (5.9) | 0.58 |
 Obesity (BMI > 30), n (%) | 33 (9.4) | 11 (10.9) | 0.60 |
 Autoimmune disease, n (%) | 14 (5.6) | 2 (1.9) | 0.17 |
 Immunodeficiency, n (%) | 24 (9.6) | 13 (12.8) | 0.44 |
 Hematopoietic stem cells transplant, n (%) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) |  > 0.99 |
 Solid organ transplant, n (%) | 6 (2.41) | 1 (0.9) | 0.68 |
 CCI, median (IQR) | 4 (2–6) | 6 (5–8) |  < 0.0001 |
 Apache II, median (IQR) | 8 (5–11) | 12 (10–17) |  < 0.0001 |
 Prior (30-d) infections, n (%) | 16 (6.4) | 22 (21.8) |  < 0.0001 |
 Prior (30-d) chemotherapy, n (%) | 14 (5.6) | 15 (14.8) | 0.0088 |
 Prior (30-d) antibiotic therapy, n (%) | 69 (27.7) | 45 (44.5) | 0.0036 |
 Chronic steroid, n (%) | 34 (13.6) | 17 (16.8) | 0.50 |
 Anti-CD20 therapy, n (%) | 5 (2.0) | 4 (3.9) | 0.28 |
 Lymphocytopeniaa at admission, n (%) | 107 (43.0) | 77 (76.2) |  < 0.0001 |
 Lymphocytes at admission (× 103/mm3), median (IQR) | 930 (610–1265) | 570 (390–795) |  < 0.0001 |
 Severe or critical COVID-19** | 171 (68.7) | 91 (90.1) |  < 0.0001 |
 PaO2/FiO2 ratio at admission, median (IQR) | 250 (183–334) | 153 (108–265.5) |  < 0.0001 |
 PaO2 at admission, median (IQR) | 91 (76.5–108) | 80 (67.5–102) | 0.0011 |
 FiO2 at admission, median (IQR) | 35 (24–60) | 60 (40–65) |  < 0.0001 |
 Length of in-hospital stay, median (IQR), days | 18 (12–27) | 17 (9.5–30) | 0.31 |
 Transfer to ICU for need to IMV, n (%) | 4 (1.6) | 9 (8.9) | 0.0025 |
Respiratory failure treatment at admission | |||
 HFNC, n (%) | 11 (4.4) | 6 (5.9) | 0.58 |
 Venturi mask, n (%) | 160 (64.2) | 65 (64.4) |  > 0.99 |
 Helmet CPAP, n (%) | 22 (8.8) | 19 (18.8) | 0.016 |
 NIV, n (%) | 3 (1.2) | 5 (4.9) | 0.047 |
COVID-19 therapy | |||
 Remdesivir, n (%) | 161 (64.6) | 52 (51.5) | 0.03 |
 Anti-IL6, n (%) | 7 (2.8) | 4 (3.9) | 0.73 |
 Monoclonal antibody, n (%) | 19 (63.3) | 11 (10.9) | 0.39 |
CAPA Cohort | Survivors n = 21 (38.2%) | Non survivors n = 34 (61.8%) | p-value |
Age, median (IQR), years | 72 (62–80) | 78 (72–85) | 0.03 |
Sex (M), n (%) | 15 (71.4) | 26 (76.5) | 0.75 |
Demographics | |||
 Diabetes, n (%) | 9 (42.9) | 7 (20.6) | 0.12 |
 Cardiovascular diseases, n (%) | 7 (35) | 16 (47) | 0.41 |
 Hypertension, n (%) | 16 (76.2) | 24 (70.6) | 0.76 |
 Chronic respiratory failure, n (%) | 3 (14.3) | 6 (17.6) |  > 0.99 |
 Pulmonary fibrosis, n (%) | 2 (9.5) | 2 (5.9) | 0.63 |
 Asthma n (%) | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0) | 0.38 |
 COPD, n (%) | 7 (33.3) | 14 (41.2) | 0.77 |
 Bronchiectasis, n (%) | 2 (9.5) | 3 (8.8) |  > 0.99 |
 Chronic hepatopathy, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |  > 0.99 |
 Hematological malignancy, n (%) | 7 (33.3) | 13 (38.2) | 0.78 |
 Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 7 (33.3) | 8 (23.5) | 0.53 |
 Renal replacement, n (%) | 1 (4.8) | 3 (8.8) |  > 0.99 |
 Obesity (BMI > 30), n (%) | 4 (19) | 5 (14.7) | 0.72 |
 Autoimmune disease, n (%) | 2 (9.5) | 0 (0) | 0.14 |
 Immunodeficiency, n (%) | 8 (38.1) | 10 (29.4) | 0.56 |
 Hematopoietic stem cells transplant, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |  > 0.99 |
 Solid organ transplant, n (%) | 1 (4.8) | 1 (2.9) |  > 0.99 |
 CCI, median (IQR) | 6 (5–8) | 6 (5–8) | 0.71 |
 Apache II, median (IQR) | 11.6 (6–14) | 15 (10–19) | 0.04 |
 Prior (30-d) infections, n (%) | 3 (14.3) | 6 (17.6) |  > 0.99 |
 Prior (30-d) chemotherapy, n (%) | 6 (28.6) | 10 (29.4) |  > 0.99 |
 Prior (30-d) antibiotic therapy, n (%) | 6 (28.6) | 14 (41.2) | 0.39 |
 Chronic steroid, n (%) | 8 (38.1) | 10 (29.4) | 0.56 |
 Anti-CD20 therapy, n (%) | 5 (23.8) | 4 (11.8) | 0.28 |
 Lymphocytopeniaa at admission, n (%) | 15 (71.4) | 25 (73.5) |  > 0.99 |
 Lymphocytic count, median (IQR) | 668 (425–999) | 661 (352–820) | 0.79 |
 Severe or critical COVID-19b | 16 (76.2) | 32 (94.1) | 0.09 |
 PaO2/FiO2 ratio at admission, median (IQR) | 253 (164–345) | 233 (138–304) | 0.45 |
 paO2 at admission, median (IQR) | 88 (68–106) | 91 (67–106) | 0.82 |
 FiO2 at admission, median (IQR) | 41 (21–60) | 47 (28–60) | 0.36 |
 Length of in-hospital stay, median (IQR), days | 52 (28–68) | 29 (13–42) | 0.0006 |
 Transfer to ICU for need of IMV, n (%) | 1 (4.8) | 5 (14.7) | 0.39 |
Respiratory failure treatment at admission | |||
 HFNC, n (%) | 3 (14.3) | 3 (8.8) | 0.66 |
 Venturi mask, n (%) | 14 (66.7) | 22 (64.7) |  > 0.99 |
 Helmet CPAP, n (%) | 0 (0) | 3 (8.8) | 0.28 |
 NIV, n (%) | 0 (0) | 4 (11.8) | 0.28 |
COVID-19 therapy | |||
 Remdesivir, n (%) | 16 (76.2) | 19 (55.9) | 0.15 |
 Anti-IL6, n (%) | 4 (19) | 1 (2.9) | 0.06 |
 Monoclonal antibody, n (%) | 8 (38.1) | 7 (20.6) | 0.21 |