Table 7 Factors associated with overall QOL of TB/HIV co-infected patients, Northern region

Sex

  Female

59(61.5)

37(38.5)

Ref

Ref

  Male

90(76.9)

27(23.1)

0.48(0.26–0.87)

0.015*

0.42(0.20–0.88)

0.021**

Marital status

  Married

97(62.6)

58(37.4)

Ref

Ref

  Single

52(89.7)

6(10.3)

5.18(2.10–12.81)

0.000*

9.69(3.08–30.51)

0.001**

Religion

  Christian

44(53.0)

39(47.0)

Ref

Ref

  Islam

105(80.8)

25(19.2)

0.27(0.15–0.50)

0.000*

0.19(0.09–0.42)

0.001**

Educational level

  No formal education

33(89.2)

4(10.8)

Ref

Ref

  Primary school

28(71.8)

11(28.2)

3.24(0.93–11.32)

0.065

6.95(1.65–29.23)

0.008**

  JHS/Middle school

6(40.0)

9(60.0)

12.38(2.86–53.51)

0.001*

41.63(7.54–229.89)

0.001**

  SHS/A-level/Tech/Voc

56(71.8)

22(28.2)

3.24(1.03–10.23)

0.045*

6.16(1.70–22.34)

0.006**

  Tertiary

26(59.1)

18(40.9)

5.71(1.72–18.95)

0.004*

6.32(1.64–24.38)

0.007**

Current employment status

  Not employed

131(78.4)

36(21.6)

Ref

Ref

  Employed

18(39.1)

28(60.9)

5.66(2.82–11.37)

0.000*

5.23(1.87–14.60)

0.002**

Employment type

  Government

4(20.0)

16(80.0)

Ref

Ref

  Private self

6(37.5)

10(62.5)

0.06(0.01–0.42)

0.004*

0.07(0.01–0.61)

0.016

  Private non-self

8(80.0)

2(20.0)

0.42(0.09–1.85)

0.250

0.78(0.14–4.26)

0.775

Average monthly income (GH¢)

  ≤ 500

98(72.6)

37(27.4)

Ref

Ref

  501–1000

29(80.6)

7(19.4)

0.64(0.26–1.59)

0.334

1.19(0.64–2.20)

0.586

  1001–1500

9(100.0)

0(0.0)

-

-

-

-

  1501–2000

8(100.0)

0(0.0)

-

-

-

-

  > 2000

5(20.0)

20(80.0)

10.60(3.71–30.29)

0.000

-

-

Residency

  Rural

17(73.9)

6(26.1)

Ref

Ref

  Peri-urban

39(86.7)

6(13.3)

0.44(0.12–1.55)

0.199

0.55(0.14–2.14)

0.388

  Urban

93(64.1)

52(35.9)

1.58(0.59–4.27)

0.363

1.54(0.50–4.78)

0.451

Transport

  Private vehicle

1(11.1)

8(88.9)

Ref

Ref

  Commercial motorcycle

89(70.1)

38(29.9)

0.05(0.01–0.44)

0.007*

0.06(0.01–0.48)

0.009**

  Commercial bus

59(79.7)

15(20.3)

0.03(0.01–0.27)

0.002*

0.04(0.01–0.35)

0.004**

  Other means

0(0.00)

3(100.0)

-

-

-

-

Depression status

  Not depressed

22(42.3)

30(57.7)

Ref

Ref

  Mildly depressed

55(71.4)

22(28.6)

0.29(0.14–0.62)

0.001*

0.20(0.08–0.52)

0.001**

  Moderately depressed

43(79.6)

11(20.4)

0.19(0.08–0.44)

0.000*

0.15(0.05–0.45)

0.001**

  Severely depressed

29(96.7)

1(3.3)

0.03(0.01–0.20)

0.000*

0.029(0.01–0.29)

0.003**

Stigma status

  Not stigmatized

17(43.6)

22(56.4)

Ref

Ref

  Stigmatized

132(75.9)

42(24.1)

0.25(0.12–0.51)

0.000*

0.31(0.11–0.85)

0.022**

Exercise status

  Exercises

109(76.8)

33(23.2)

Ref

Ref

  Do not exercise

38(55.1)

31(44.9)

0.37(0.20–0.69)

0.002*

0.29(0.12–0.67)

0.004**

Adherence to medications

  Non-adherence

42(93.3)

3(6.7)

Ref

Ref

  Adherence

107(63.7)

61(36.3)

7.98(2.37–26.84)

0.001*

6.36(1.52–26.65)

0.011**

Out of pocket purchase of drugs

  No

145(71.4)

58(28.6)

Ref

Ref

  Yes

2(25.0)

6(75.0)

7.50(1.47–38.24)

0.015*

7.70(1.50–39.52)

0.015**

TB category

  Category 1

147(71.0)

60(29.0)

Ref

Ref

  Category 2

2(33.3)

4(66.7)

4.90(0.87–27.47)

0.071

6.76(0.96–47.74)

0.055