Skip to main content

Table 3 Household-level out-of-pocket costs and payment sources (median, IQR), in 2022 US dollars

From: Estimating the economic burden of respiratory syncytial virus infections in infants in Vietnam: a cohort study

Cost components

Outpatient

Inpatient at RD

ICU****

All

(N = 210)

RSV positive

(n = 21)

RSV negative

(n = 189)

p-value***

All

(N = 318)

RSV positive

(n = 84)

RSV negative

(n = 234)

p-value***

All RSV negatives

(n = 8)

Total out-of-pocket costs

51 (32–85)

52 (32–85)

51 (32–84)

0.71

112 (58–184)

117 (65–183)

110 (57–186)

0.45

543 (370–996)

(1) Direct medical costs

22 (13–32)

26 (16–32)

21 (12–32)

0.33

24 (13–49)

38 (20–61)

20 (12–37)

 < 0.001

386 (161–813)

 Consultation fee

3 (2–4)

2 (2–3)

3 (2–4)

0.20

3 (2–6)

3 (2–6)

3 (2–5)

0.66

4 (2–6)

 Medication costs

15 (9–20)

15 (8–18)

15 (9–20)

0.49

3 (0–9)

6 (1–13)

2 (0–6)

 < 0.001

33 (13–62)

 Laboratory costs

0 (0–2)

0 (0–2)

0 (0–0)

0.81

0 (0–2)

1 (0–3)

0 (0–2)

0.52

7 (0–45)

 Procedure & service cost

6 (3–11)

8 (4–13)

4 (3–11)

0.12

2 (0–16)

12 (6–23)

0 (0–13)

 < 0.001

86 (30–311)

 Imaging costs

3 (3–5)

3 (3–3)

3 (3–5)

0.87

0 (0–3)

2 (1–5)

0 (0–2)

 < 0.001

0 (0–4)

 Miscellaneous costs*

8 (1–13)

0 (0–0)

8 (1–13)

–

9 (3–18)

10 (4–18)

9 (2–18)

0.42

105 (79–158)

(2) Direct non-medical costs

5

(2–28)

4

(2–22)

5

(2–28)

0.82

35

(3–87)

27

(3–72)

38

(3–88)

0.57

76

(42–112)

 Transport costs

4 (2–27)

4 (2–22)

4 (2–27)

0.91

6 (2–28)

8 (2–41)

5 (1–24)

0.12

33 (3–78)

 Meal costs

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0.18

32 (0–63)

2 (0–39)

41 (0–70)

 < 0.001

5 (2–52)

 Accommodation costs

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

N/A

0 (0–30)

0 (0–0)

16 (0–32)

 < 0.001

10 (0–233)

 Caretaker costs

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

N/A

6 (0–38)

47 (34–60)

0 (0–13)

0.08

0 (0–0)

(3) Indirect costs

11 (2–26)

22 (9–34)

9 (0–25)

0.09

19 (0–69)

18 (0–69)

20 (0–69)

0.93

85 (6–253)

 Lost income**

9 (0–25)

17 (9–34)

8 (0–22)

0.03

17 (0–69)

12 (0–68)

17 (0–69)

0.85

13 (4–194)

 Lost leisure**

6 (2–6)

3 (0–6)

6 (2–6)

0.18

2 (1–6)

6 (2–9)

2 (1–5)

0.05

3 (2–5)

Family response

         

 Reducing other expenses

34.3%

9.5%

37.0%

0.01

59.0%

42.9%

64.8%

< 0.001

25.0%

 Use personal savings

87.1%

100.0%

85.7%

0.06

86.8%

94.1%

84.1%

0.02

100.0%

 Borrowed

2.4%

0.0%

2.7%

0.45

26.5%

6.0%

33.9%

< 0.001

12.5%

 Selling assets

2.4%

4.8%

2.1%

0.45

5.7%

2.4%

6.9%

0.13

0.0%

 Donations

2.9%

0.0%

3.2%

0.41

16.4%

3.6%

21.0%

< 0.001

0.0%

 Other

0%

0.0%

0.0%

N/A

0.3%

0.0%

0.4%

0.55

0.0%

  1. Total out-of-pocket costs = sum of (1–3). These costs were incurred prior to, during, and after hospitalization. (2) and (3) are the same as costs associated with the societal perspective in Table 2
  2. *Miscellaneous costs include medical consumables such as syringes, gloves, and soap
  3. **Opportunity costs of income lost due to missed work were based on the average salary reported by participants in the study, and opportunity costs of lost leisure time were based on the minimum Vietnamese income based on government data for the study period [18]
  4. ***Mann–Whitney U p-value comparing between the costs associated with RSV and those associated with no RSV
  5. ****No ICU cases were identified as RSV positive
  6. ICU: intensive care unit; IQR: interquartile range; RD: Respiratory Department; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus
Back to article page

BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

Contact us