Table 6 Relationship between symptoms/signs and pathological MRI changes

Startled

23

4

211

20

Startle Reflex

Anterior horn motor neurons

Amygdala

(Short-pathway) Motor nerve fibers; anterior horn of the spinal cord; amygdala, caudate nucleus; thalamus

Amygdala

Caudate nucleus

(Long pathway) Short-pathway and frontal cortex

Caudate nucleus; thalamus

Thalamus

Limbic system

Cortex

Frontal Cortex

Myoclonic jerks/tremors

26

1

162

20

Extrapyramidal System & Pyramidal System

Olive-Red Nucleus-Dentate Nucleus;

Olive nucleus

Red Nucleus

Basal ganglia

Motor nerve fibers in head, face and neck

Basal Ganglia

Dentate nucleus

Rubrospinal tract

Cranial nerve nuclei

Spinal

Brainstem spinal tract

Spinal motor neurons

Spinal nerve roots

Extrapyramidal tract

Spinal nerve roots

Pyramidal tract

Fatigue/sleepiness

25

7

115

19

Tonic stretch reflex

Spinal cord

Spinal cord

Muscle tension

Brainstem

Brainstem

Basal ganglia

Basal ganglia

Cortex

Cortex

Cerebellum

Vomiting

11

4

74

11

Vomiting reflex

Olive nucleus

Olive nucleus

Vagus; sympathetic

Spinal motor neurons

Spinal motor neurons

Phrenic nerve

Spinal nerve

Anxiety

3

3

39

8

Defensive reflex

Striaterminalis

Basal ganglia

Motor nerve fibers in head, face and neck

amygdala; hypothalamus

Thalamus

Midbrain

Limbic system

CRT extension

2

7

27

7

Vascular autonomic regulation

Brainstem

Brainstem

Sympathetic (α)

Spinal cord

Spinal cord

Sympathetic trunk

Somnolence

4

5

25

7

Sleep-awareness cycle

Midbrain

Brainstem

Pons

Midbrain

Coeruleus

Pons

Medullary reticular formation

Abnormal respiratory rhythm

2

7

19

7

Anterior horn motor nerve fibers

Pons

Pons

Pulmonary edema and/or hemorrhage

7

7

23

7

Sympathetic-mediated

Brainstem

Brainstem

Spinal cord

Thoracic spinal cord Spinal nerve roots

Sympathetic trunk

Tachycardia

4

2

12

6

Cardiovascular autonomic regulation

Brainstem

Brainstem

Sympathetic

Spinal cord

Spinal cord

Vagus nerve

Sympathetic trunk

Nystagmus

0

2

16

5

Cranial nerve III, IV, VI

Cranial nerve nuclei III, IV, VI

Midbrain

Pons

Eyeball ataxia

1

4

10

4

Cranial nerve III, IV, VI

Cranial nerve nuclei III, IV, VI

Midbrain

Pons

Hyperventilation

1

7

8

4

Anterior horn motor nerve fibers

Midbrain

Midbrain

Flaccid paralysis

0

1

12

4

Motor nerve fibers

Anterior horn motor neurons

Spinal cord

Spinal nerve roots

Spinal cord

Spinal nerve roots

Anterior horn of the spinal cord

Fright

3

2

14

3

Defensive reflex

Amygdala; Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

(Short-pathway) Anterior horn motor nerve fibers; amygdala; Caudate nucleus; thalamus

Dorsal central midbrain

Midbrain

(Long pathway) Short path and cortex

Limbic system

Absent pharyngeal reflex

1

4

8

3

Pharyngeal reflex

Cranial nerve nuclei V, IX, X, XII

Midbrain

Trigeminal; vagus

Pons

Glossopharyngeal

Medulla oblongata

Hypoglossal