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Table 2 Trends in attack rates (95% confidence interval) for typhoid fever per 100,000 Dutch travelers to (sub) tropical regions from 1997 to 2014 per region/country

From: Low and declining attack rates of imported typhoid fever in the Netherlands 1997–2014, in spite of a restricted vaccination policy

 

1997–1999

1998–2000

1999–2001

2000–2002

2001–2003

2002–2004

2003–2005

2004–2006

2005–2007

2006–2008

2007–2009

2008–2010

2009–2011

2010–2012

2011–2013

2012–2014

p value for trend

 

AR (95% CI)

AR (95% CI)

AR (95% CI)

AR (95% CI)

AR (95% CI)

AR (95% CI)

AR (95% CI)

AR (95% CI)

AR (95% CI)

AR (95% CI)

AR (95% CI)

AR (95% CI)

AR (95% CI)

AR (95% CI)

AR (95% CI)

AR (95% CI)

 

All regions

2,79(1,95–3,98)

2,46(1,70–3,54)

2,40(1,69–3,41)

2,03(1,40–2,94)

1,81(1,24–2,65)

1,63(1,11–2,39)

1,52(1,06–2,19)

1,30(0,89–1,90)

1,17(0,79–1,74)

1,04(0,68–1,58)

1,06(0,70–1,60)

1,02(0,67–1,55)

0,88(0,57–1,37)

0,74(0,46–1,19)

0,81(0,51–1,28)

0,87(0,55–1,36)

0.04

Latin Americac

0,39(0,07–2,24)

0,40(0,07–2,27)

0,28(0,04–2,14)

0,49(0,09–2,78)

0,16(0,01–2,10)

0,26(0,03–2,00)

0,43(0,09–2,00)

0,47(0,12–1,92)

0,36(0,08–1,68)

0,17(0,02–1,33)

0,17(0,02–1,32)

0,26(0,05–1,47)

0,18(0,02–1,35)

0,09(0,01–1,27)

0,00(0,00–1,25)

0,00(0,00–1,36)

0.22

 Netherlands Antilles

0,00(0,00–4,88)

0,00(0,00–5,91)

0,00(0,00–6,78)

0,00(0,00–9,07)

0,00(0,00–7,03)

0,00(0,00–6,03)

0,00(0,00–4,52)

0,00(0,00–4,03)

0,00(0,00–3,52)

0,00(0,00–3,59)

0,00(0,00–3,17)

0,00(0,00–3,22)

0,00(0,00–2,87)

0,00(0,00–3,22)

0,00(0,00–3,73)

0,00(0,00–4,38)

 

 Surinamb

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0,00(0,00–19,87)

0,00(0,00–17,20)

0,00(0,00–15,78)

0,00(0,00–17,20)

0,00(0,00–31,14)

0,00(0,00–76,77)

 

Sub-Saharan Africad

0,37(0,03–4,98)

1,21(0,21–6,85)

1,61(0,35–7,53)

2,67(0,73–9,72)

5,61(2,18–14,42)∞

5,95(2,54–13,93)∞

5,17(2,21–12,11)∞

2,51(0,85–7,39)

1,29(0,32–5,24)

1,02(0,22–4,74)

1,06(0,23–4,96)

1,06(0,23–4,94)

1,17(0,29–4,76)

0,65(0,11–3,68)

0,61(0,11–3,48)

0,21(0,02–2,85)

0.04

Arab regione

2,50(1,33–4,70)

2,02(1,07–3,79)

1,62(0,86–3,05)

0,84(0,39–1,84)

0,75(0,35–1,64)

0,70(0,33–1,50)

0,56(0,26–1,22)

0,33(0,12–0,89)

0,20(0,06–0,66)

0,34(0,13–0,89)

0,49(0,23–1,07)

0,51(0,24–1,10)

0,37(0,15–0,89)

0,28(0,10–0,74)

0,23(0,08–0,66)

0,18(0,05–0,59)

0.01

 Turkey

1,38(0,41–4,62)

0,99(0,30–3,31)

0,68(0,20–2,27)

0,21(0,04–1,17)

0,06(0,00–0,76)

0,13(0,02–0,76)

0,09(0,01–0,66)

0,09(0,01–0,67)

0,00(0,00–0,56)

0,00(0,00–0,53)

0,00(0,00–0,53)

0,00(0,00–0,52)

0,00(0,00–0,50)

0,00(0,00–0,47)

0,00(0,00–0,47)

0,00(0,00–0,46)

0.009

 Morocco

20,63(8,31–51,24)

18,48(8,29–41,19)

22,86(10,02–52,15)

15,58(6,06–40,07)

20,00(8,05–49,67)

18,57(7,48–46,12)

15,29(6,16–37,98)

7,84(2,51–24,47)

4,96(1,48–16,62)

5,17(1,76–15,21)

6,86(2,85–16,52)

6,13(2,47–15,23)

4,74(1,77–12,68)

3,95(1,34–11,61)

3,10(0,93–10,37)

2,42(0,60–9,80)

<0.0000001

Asiaf

5,38(3,46–8,37)

4,74(2,96–7,59)

5,00(3,23–7,76)

5,01(3,20–7,86)

4,30(2,65–6,98)

3,97(2,36–6,66)

3,98(2,48–6,41)

3,99(2,52–6,30)

4,53(2,91–7,05)

3,99(2,43–6,55)

4,03(2,40–6,77)

3,37(1,97–5,77)

3,00(1,73–5,20)

2,72(1,55–4,80)

3,47(2,06–5,87)a

4,24(2,61–6,89)a

0.26

 Thailand

0,00(0,00–7,39)

0,00(0,00–7,73)

0,00(0,00–7,03)

0,00(0,00–7,07)

0,51(0,04–6,86)

0,45(0,03–6,11)

0,43(0,03–5,80)

0,00(0,00–5,19)

0,00(0,00–5,54)

0,00(0,00–5,16)

0,00(0,00–4,77)

0,00(0,00–4,18)

0,00(0,00–4,07)

0,00(0,00–4,42)

0,00(0,00–5,14)

0,00(0,00–5,65)

0.45

 Malaysia

0,00(0,00–60,62)

0,00(0,00–15,78)

0,00(0,00–11,41)

0,00(0,00–10,48)

0,00(0,00–17,46)

2,78(0,21–37,35)

5,56(0,73–42,38)

3,03(0,40–23,12)

1,28(0,10–17,24)

0,00(0,00–12,80)

0,00(0,00–15,36)

0,00(0,00–13,56)

0,00(0,00–12,95)

0,00(0,00–13,24)

1,49(0,11–20,07)

1,75(0,13–23,59)

0.72

 India

15,09(4,84–47,08)

15,38(4,93–47,99)

34,88(14,90–81,64)

35,71(12,78–99,76)

75,00(29,17–192,70)

27,27(9,28–80,16)

47,62(22,68–99,97)

35,85(16,76–76,66)

38,46(18,32–80,75)

28,83(12,63–65,77)

36,04(17,16–75,66)

36,70(17,48–77,04)

23,53(11,20–49,40)

20,39(9,88–42,08)

21,93(11,26–42,70)

28,72(15,28–53,97)

0.23

 Indonesia

16,15(8,40–31,06)

16,49(7,23–37,64)

23,47(11,73–46,96)

31,11(16,55–58,46)

20,51(10,39–40,48)

16,04(7,19–35,75)

9,60(3,73–24,68)

8,15(3,05–21,78)

7,74(3,01–19,91)

5,68(2,13–15,20)

3,68(1,25–10,82)

2,39(0,71–8,01)

1,74(0,48–6,34)

1,62(0,44–5,90)

1,73(0,47–6,30)

1,56(0,39–6,35)

<0.0000001

  1. aNepal outbreak in 2013 among a group of Dutch travelers
  2. ∞) Cluster of family most probably acquired in a hotel in 2003 in Nigeria
  3. bConfidence interval was not calculated, because the denominator was unknown until 2007–2009
  4. cLatin America constitutes Central and South America, including the Caribbean
  5. dSub-Saharan Africa constitutes Western, Middle, Eastern, and Southern Africa
  6. eThe Arab region constitutes Northern Africa and Western Asia, including Turkey
  7. fAsia constitutes Eastern and South-Eastern Asia, and the Indian subcontinent
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BMC Infectious Diseases

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