Low and declining attack rates of imported typhoid fever in the Netherlands 1997–2014, in spite of a restricted vaccination policy

Table 1 Characteristics of Dutch cases of typhoid fever acquired in a developing country between 1997 and 2014

Number of cases	607
Sex
Male	330	54.4%
Female`	277	45.6%
Median age (Interquartile range)	27	(15–38)
Ethnicity by typhoid risk region^a
Yes	256	42.2%
No	32	5.3%
Unknown	319	52.5%
Region of exposure
Latin America^b	17	2.8%
Sub-Saharan Africa^c	37	6.1%
Arab region^d	124	20.4%
Asia^e	362	59.6%
Other	55	9.1%
Unknown	12	2.0%
Top 5 countries of exposure
Indonesia	120	19.8%
India	119	19.6%
Morocco	81	13.3%
Pakistan	70	11.5%
Turkey	16	2.6%
Other	201	33.2%
VFR (Visiting Friends and Relatives)
Yes	223	36.7%
No	64	10.5%
Unknown	320	52.7%
Severity of disease
Hospitalization	300	49.4%
No hospitalization	97	16.0%
Hospitalization unknown	210	34.6%
Vaccination status
Vaccinated	118	19.4%19.4%
Non vaccinated	430	70.8%
Unknown	59	9.7%

^aEthnicity by region: region of birth of case or one of case’s parents
^bLatin America constitutes Central and South America, including the Caribbean
^cSub-Saharan Africa constitutes Western, Middle, Eastern, and Southern Africa
^dThe Arab region constitutes Northern Africa and Western Asia, including Turkey
^eAsia constitutes Eastern and South-Eastern Asia, and the Indian subcontinent

ISSN: 1471-2334