Table 4 Virologic failure risk analyzed with bivariate and adjusted HRs of Cox proportional hazards frailty model

Intervention group

1.0 (0.5;1.7)

0.94

Male gender

2.0 (0.1;4.0)

0.05

Age <35 years

0.7 (0.4;1.4)

0.37

Severe HIV (clinical stage 3 or 4)

1.2 (0.6;2.1)

0.59

History of IDU

1.9 (1.0;3.3)

0.04

ART-non-naïve status

4.8 (2.4;9.4)

<0.01

7.0 (3.3–14.7)

<0.01

TB history

1.6 (0.8;3.2)

0.15

VL at baseline ≥100,000 copies/ml

1.6 (0.9;2.8)

0.13

2.3 (1.2–4.3)

<0.05

CD4 at baseline < 100 cells/μl

1.4 (0.8;2.5)

0.28

Having an HIV-infected family member

0.5 (0.3;0.9)

0.03

From Ha long OPC

1.0 (0.6;1.8)

0.91

History of OIs

0.5 (0.2;1.0)

0.06

Changed ART regimen

1.1 (0.5;−2.0)

0.85

Incomplete adherence

2.4 (0.9;6.7)

0.09

3.1 (1.1–8.9)

<0.05