Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
| Â | Total (all studies) | Maternal infections and neonatal infections | Maternal colonization and neonatal infections | Maternal colonization and neonatal colonization | Maternal risk factors and neonatal infections |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total number of studies (qualitative and meta-analysis)* | 122 | 37 | 37 | 39 | 27 |
Number of studies in the meta-analysis* | 107 | 32 | 36 | 38 | 27 |
Study sample size, median (25th, 75th percentile) | 337 (IQR 144-1413) | 146 (IQR 53-524) | 937 (IQR 201-2040) | 800 (IQR 317-1457) | 225 (IQR 94-1280) |
Study type | |||||
Cohort (including RCTs) | 117 (95.9%) | 34 (91.9%) | 36 (97.3%) | 39 (100%) | 26 (96.3%) |
Nested case-control | 2 (1.6%) | 1 (2.7%) | 1 (2.7%) | -- | 1 (3.7%) |
Population surveillance | 3 (2.5%) | 2 (5.4%) | -- | -- | -- |
Location | |||||
Health facility | 94 (77.0%) | 28 (75.7%) | 28 (75.7%) | 31 (79.5%) | 21 (77.8%) |
Multi-center | 24 (19.7%) | 7 (18.9%) | 7 (18.9%) | 7 (18.0%) | 6 (22.2%) |
Unknown or not clear | 4 (3.3%) | 2 (5.4%) | 2 (5.4%) | 1 (2.6%) | -- |
Urban or rural | |||||
Urban or periurban | 99 (81.2%) | 30 (81.1%) | 28 (75.7%) | 33 (84.6%) | 22 (81.5%) |
Mixed | 2 (1.6%) | 1 (2.7%) | -- | -- | -- |
Unknown or not clear | 21 (17.2%) | 6 (16.2%) | 9 (24.3%) | 6 (15.4%) | 5 (18.5%) |
Timing of early-onset sepsis | |||||
First seven days of life | 75 (61.5%) | 18 (48.6%) | 24 (64.9%) | 31 (79.5%) | 15 (55.6%) |
Not reported or unclear | 47 (38.5%) | 19 (51.4%) | 13 (35.1%) | 8 (20.5%) | 12 (44.4) |
Antibiotic use | |||||
No intrapartum antibiotic use | 28 (23.0%) | 4 (10.8%) | 10 (27.0%) | 10 (25.6%) | 9 (33.3%) |
Some intrapartum antibiotic use | 51 (41.8%) | 21 (56.8%) | 17 (46.0%) | 13 (33.3%) | 11 (40.7%) |
Unknown or not clear | 43 (35.2%) | 12 (32.4%) | 10 (27.0%) | 16 (41.0%) | 7 (25.9%) |
High risk population | |||||
Preterm | 8 (6.6%) | 7 (18.9%) | -- | -- | 3 (11.1%) |
PROM | 5 (4.1%) | 2 (5.4%) | 1 (2.7%) | -- | 4 (14.8%) |
PPROM | 17 (13.9%) | 7 (18.9%) | 2 (5.4%) | -- | 8 (29.6%) |
Prolonged rupture of membranes | 1 (0.8%) | -- | -- | -- | 1 (3.7%) |
Preterm or PROM | 5 (4.1%) | 2 (5.4%) | 2 (5.4%) | 1 (2.6%) | 3 (11.1%) |
Preterm or PPROM | 2 (1.6%) | -- | -- | -- | 2 (7.4%) |
None, all women included | 80 (65.6%) | 17 (45.0%) | 31 (83.8%) | 36 (92.3%) | 6 (22.2%) |
Other or unclear | 4 (3.3%) | 2 (5.4%) | 1 (2.7%) | 2 (5.1%) | -- |
WHO Region | |||||
Africa | 3 (2.5%) | -- | -- | 2 (5.1%) | 1 (3.7%) |
Americans | 52 (42.6%) | 23 (62.2%) | 16 (43.2%) | 6 (15.4%) | 16 (59.3%) |
Eastern Mediterranean | 3 (2.5%) | -- | 1 (2.7%) | 3 (7.7%) | -- |
Europe | 49 (40.2%) | 8 (21.6%) | 11 (29.7%) | 23 (59.0%) | 8 (29.6%) |
Southeast Asia | 5 (4.1%) | (5.4%) | 3 (8.1%) | 2 (5.1%) | 1 (3.7%) |
Western Pacific | 10 (8.2%) | 4 (10.8%) | 6 (16.2%) | 3 (7.7%) | 1 (3.7%) |
Neonatal mortality range | |||||
Very low mortality <5 per 1000 live births | 104 (85.2%) | 34 (91.9%) | 32 (86.5%) | 28 (71.8%) | 23 (85.2%) |
Low mortality 5-14 | 8 (6.6%) | 1 (2.7%) | -- | 6 (15.4%) | 2 (7.4%) |
High mortality 15-27 | 3 (2.5%) | -- | 2 (5.4%) | 2 (5.1%) | -- |
Very high mortality >27 | 7 (5.7%) | 2 (5.4%) | 3 (8.1%) | 3 (7.7%) | 2 (7.4%) |
Income range | |||||
High income (≥12276) per capita in USD | 104 (85.3%) | 34 (91.9%) | 32 (86.5%) | 29 (74.4%) | 22 (81.5%) |
Upper middle income (3976-12275) | 11 (9.0%) | 1 (2.7%) | 1 (2.7%) | 7 (18.0%) | 3 (11.1%) |
Lower middle income (1006-3975) | 6 (4.9%) | 2 (5.4%) | 4 (10.8%) | 3 (7.7%) | 1 (3.7%) |
Low income (≤1005) | 1 (0.8%) | -- | -- | -- | 1 (3.7%) |