Table 1 Antibacterial properties of animal venoms tested against Burkholderia pseudomallei at 0.1 mg/mL concentration.

Elapidae

Death adder

Acanthophis augtra

3.74

74.5 ± 0.5

0.1

-

-

Common death adder

Acanthophis antarcticus

190

487.5 ± 0.96

0.78

16.6 ± 0.43

14.3 ± 0.34

Northern death adder

Acanthophis praelongus

241.2

1416 ± 3.84

0.34

8.90 ± 0.23

8.47 ± 0.21

Desert death adder

Acanthophis pyrrhus

138

1150 ± 0.98

0.24

14.7 ± 0.23

16.5 ± 0.32

Hector

Androctonus australis

22.2

85.2 ± 0.27

0.52

-

8.13 ± 0.14

Malayan krait

Bungarus candidus

34.9

166.3 ± 0.56

0.42

-

-

Sea snake

Hydrophis cyanocinctus

3.3

40.5 ± 0.56

0.16

-

-

Indian cobra

Naja naja naja

293.4

1333 ± 1.7

0.44

12.2 ± 0.16

10.2 ± 0.09

Kreft's tiger snake

Notechis aterater

41.96

183.1 ± 0.59

0.46

-

-

Spitting cobra

Naja sumatrana

406.5

903.5 ± 0.6

0.90

-

-

Cobra

Naja kaouthia

228.4

1904 ± 3.8

0.24

8.17 ± 0.15

-

King brown snake

Pseudechis australis

434.5

3949 ± 3.2

0.22

27.7 ± 0.13

29.8 ± 0.105

Speckled brown snake

Pseudechis guttata

308.5

791 ± 2.0

0.78

25.4 ± 0.19

26.8 ± 0.109

Red-bellied black snake

Pseudechis porphyriacus

726.7

3303 ± 1.7

0.44

16.8 ± 0.15

14.2 ± 0.17

Collett's snake

Pseudechis colletti

15.7

111.8 ± 0.89

0.28

-

-

-

Pseudonaja inframaggula

1995

5945 ± 26.6

0.66

7.7 ± 0.16

8.32 ± 0.11

Western brown snake

Pseudonaja nuchalis

162.8

361.8 ± 0.6

0.90

8.2 ± 0.08

9.30 ± 0.11

Eastern brown snake

Pseudonaja textilis

416.8

832.3 ± 0.6

1

14.2 ± 0.09

8.10 ± 0.14

Dugite

Pseudechis affinis

218.7

376.8 ± 0.9

1.16

-

-

Tiger keelback

Rhabdophis tigrinus

36.3

259.1 ± 0.42

0.28

-

-

The coastal taipan

Oxyuranus scutellatus

1275.7

6075 ± 0.98

0.63

-

-

Viperidae

Pallas

Agkistrodon halys

86.5

157.4 ± 0.20

1.1

20.4 ± 0.14

26.4 ± 0.08

Puff adder

Bitis arietans

124.1

248.2 ± 0.27

0.54

18.2 ± 0.16

16.2 ± 0.17

West African gaboon viper

Bitis gabonica rhinoceros

126.5

452.4 ± 0.57

0.56

16.0 ± 0.19

14.5 ± 0.26

Common lancehead snake

Bothrops atrox (L-amino acid oxidase)

3.8

6.36 ± 0.06

1.2

24.4 ± 0.19

26.2 ± 0.19

South American rattlesnake

Crotalus adamanteus (L-amino acid oxidase)

34.2

201.3 ± 0.21

0.34

25.4 ± 0.208

23.4 ± 0.18

South American rattlesnake

Crotalus adamanteus

236.4

619.4 ± 0.46

1.56

30.0 ± 0.23

28.3 ± 0.23

Saw-scaled viper

Echis carinatus

53.4

106.5 ± 0.49

1.4

8.0 ± 0.14

7.5 ± 0.15

Indian Russell's viper

Daboia russelli russelli

392.8

785.2 ± 0.40

1.36

29.9 ± 0.12

28.6 ± 0.16

Burmese Russell's viper

Daboia russelli siamensis

262.4

524.4 ± 0.44

1.24

16.2 ± 0.15

15.6 ± 0.18

Wagler's pit viper

Trimeresurus wagleri

4.6

38.2 ± 0.26

0.24

15.1 ± 0.14

16.3 ± 0.14

Apiidae

Honeybee venom

Apis mellifera

3.7

20.5 ± 0.1

0.36

7.22 ± 0.23

12.3 ± 0.21

Scorpionidae

Black scorpion

Androctonus crasicuda

3.6

69.5 ± 0.3

0.104

-

-

Scorpion

Buthotus hottenlota

4.4

10.4 ± 0.2

0.86

-

-

Scorpion

Buthotus hottenota hottenota

5.1

38.8 ± 0.1

0.26

-

-

Chinese red scorpion

Buthus martensii Karsch.

4.6

90.4 ± 0.2

0.102

-

-

Ceftazidime (CF)

30 μg/disc

-

-

-

28.9 ± 0.56

31.7 ± 0.78

Chloramphenicol (C)

30 μg/disc

-

-

-

28.5 ± 0.37

30.0 ± 0.12

Streptomycin (S)

10 μg/disc

-

-

-

27.3 ± 0.25

26.4 ± 0.29