Table 2 Result of statistical analysis comparing demographic, clinical and laboratory/ radiological variables (PSI class II ED discharged and class II hospitalized)

Demographics

Age in years (mean ± sd)

39 ± 5.29

37 ± 8.76

-

-

Gender

Male

66 (39)

12 (18)

2.94 [1.46–5.89]

0.0018

Female

103 (61)

55 (82)

Race

African-American

68 (40)

46 (69)

0.06 [0.04–0.09]

0.0004

Whites

97 (57)

20 (30)

Others

4 (3)

1 (1)

Clinical

Change in mental status

-

-

-

-

Respiratory Rate > 30

-

-

-

-

SBP < 90 mmHg

13 (8)

5 (7)

0.97 [0.33–2.83]

0.9522

Temp >105 F

2 (1)

24 (36)

0.02 [0.01–0.09]

<0.0001

Pulse rate >125

15 (9)

39 (58)

0.07 [0.03–0.14]

<0.0001

Laboratory/ Radiological

Arterial pH < 7.35

11 (7)

8 (12)

0.97 [0.33–2.83]

0.9522

BUN > 30 mg/dL

20 (12)

9 (13)

0.87 [0.37–2.01]

0.7359

Na <130 mmol/L

12 (7)

8 (12)

0.97 [0.33–2.83]

0.9522

Glucose < 250 mg/dL

17 (10)

6 (9)

1.14 [0.43–3.02]

0.7965

Hct < 30%

23 (14)

11 (16)

1.25 [0.57–2.73]

0.5796

pO₂ < 60 mmHg/O₂sat < 90%

26 (15)

8 (12)

0.75 [0.32–1.74]

0.4969

Social factors

Alcohol-related diagnosis

28 (17)

18 (27)

1.85 [0.94–3.64]

0.0718

Illicit drug use

23 (14)

11 (16)

1.25 [0.57–2.73]

0.5796

Time of ED visit

7am–7pm

101(60)

39 (58)

0.94 [0.53–1.67]

0.8265

7pm–7am

68 (40)

28 (42)

Day of ED visit

Weekdays

142 (86)

55 (83)

0.87 [0.41–1.84]

0.7183

Weekends

27 (14)

12 (17)

Financial Factors

Insurance status

Self pay

63 (37%)

10 (14%)

0.38 [0.19–0.63]

0.0034

Private insurance

88 (52%)

46 (71%)

Medical assistance

18 (11%)

11 (15%)

Utilization of services

Average length of stay

<1 day

3.5 days

-

-

Cost of care (mean ± sd)

$476.02 ±

$3909.32 ±

-

-

99.25

347.32