Figure 5

Bifurcation diagrams changing model parameters individually ( ρ , σ , π , and γ _C ) while keeping all other parameters constant at the base model values (Figure 4 b). The vertical dashed line shows ${\mathcal{R}}_0=1$; the solid curve represents the stable equilibrium and the dotted curve shows the unstable equilibrium; the point shows $({\mathcal{R}}_{\mathit{\text{crit}}},{\Lambda }_{\mathit{\text{crit}}})$; the light grey area shows the region of bistability– the area where malaria will persist, if endemic, but cannot invade; and the dark grey region shows where malaria can always invade and persist. In all of the bifurcation diagrams, ${\mathcal{R}}_0$ ranged from 0 to 1.5 and ${\mathcal{R}}_{\mathit{\text{CC}}}$ varied accordingly, changing only transmission rates (τ _N and τ _C ). (a)-(c) vary ρ (a) The ratio ${\mathcal{R}}_{\mathit{\text{CC}}}:{\mathcal{R}}_{\mathit{\text{NN}}}$ is 1:2(b) The ratio ${\mathcal{R}}_{\mathit{\text{CC}}}:{\mathcal{R}}_{\mathit{\text{NN}}}$ is 2:1(c) The ratio ${\mathcal{R}}_{\mathit{\text{CC}}}:{\mathcal{R}}_{\mathit{\text{NN}}}$ is 4:1. (d)-(f) vary σ (d) σ=0.5, (e) σ=0.7. (f) σ=1. (g)-(i) vary π while keeping γ _NC constant (g) π=0.66(h) π=0.5(i) π=0.33(j)-(l) vary γ _C (j) clinically immune infections clear in 100 days (k) clinically immune infections clear in 200 days (l) clinically immune infections clear in 400 days.