Characteristics | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | ALL | Virologic failure | Unadjusted | p-value | Adjusted | p-value |
 | (n = 591) | (n = 138) | OR (95% CI) |  | OR (95% CI) |  |
Gender | ||||||
Female | 374 | 87 (63%) | Ref | Â | Ref | 0.33 |
Male | 217 | 51 (37%) | 1.01 (0.68 – 1.5) | 0.95 | 1.40 (0.72-2.07) |  |
Age at HAART Initiation (years) | ||||||
< 30 | 175 | 42 (30.4%) | 1.51 (0.98-2.3) | 0.06 | 1.79 (1.17-2.67) | 0.03 |
>30 | 416 | 96 (69.6%) | Ref | Â | Ref | Â |
Currently married | ||||||
Yes | 339 | 79 (43%) | 0.99 (0.68-1.46) | 0.98 | Â | Â |
No | 252 | 59 (57%) | Ref | Â | Â | Â |
Residential Distance (in kilometers) | ||||||
< 50 | 372 | 90 (65%) | Ref | Â | Ref | Â |
51 to100 | 80 | 10 (7%) | 0.45 (0.22-0.92) | 0.03 | 0.44 (0.22-0.84) | 0.04 |
>100 | 143 | 38 (28%) | 1.17 (0.73-1.87) | 0.49 | 1.37 (0.91-2.35) | 0.24 |
HIV disclosure | ||||||
Yes | 559 | 132 (96%) | 0.75 (0.30-1.85) | 0.53 | Â | Â |
No | 32 | 6 (4%) | Ref | Â | Â | Â |
Tuberculosis History | ||||||
Yes | 84 | 26 (19%) | 1.58 (0.95-2.63) | 0.08 | 1.20 (0.72-2.28) | 0.46 |
No | 507 | 112 (81%) | Ref | Â | Ref | Â |
Baseline CD4 cell count (n = 613) | ||||||
< 50 | 85 | 24 (17%) | Ref | Â | Ref | Â |
50 and < 200 | 317 | 79 (57%) | 0.84 (0.49-1.44) | 0.54 | 0.82 (0.47-1.46) | 0.53 |
200 and <350 | 143 | 26 (19%) | 0.56 (0.30-1.07) | 0.08 | 0.54 (0.22-0.93) | 0.08 |
350 and < 500 | 22 | 5 (4%) | 0.75 (0.25-2.25) | 0.61 | 0.48 (0.17-2.53) | 0.24 |
>=500 | 24 | 4 (3%) | 0.51 (0.16-1.64) | 0.26 | 0.58 (0.19-2.6) | 0.38 |
Baseline anemia Hemoglobin < 10 g/dl) (n = 591) | ||||||
Yes | 200 | 58 (42%) | 1.59 (1.07-2.35) | 0.02 | 1.71 (1.22-2.61) | 0.03 |
No | 391 | 84 (58%) | Ref | Â | Ref | Â |
Antiretroviral drug regimen at baseline | ||||||
ZDV / 3TC / NVP or EFV | 247 | 56 (40.6%) | Ref | Â | Ref | Â |
D4T / 3TC / NVP or EFV | 48 | 14 (10.1%) | 1.32 (0.70-2.80) | 0.34 | 1.35 (0.64-2.95) | 0.45 |
TDF / 3TC of FTC / NVP or EFV | 296 | 68 (50.3%) | 0.94 (0.68-1.52) | 0.93 | 0.90 (0.65-1.66) | 0.79 |
Baseline Functionality | ||||||
Working (70-100%) | 460 | 96 (71.1%) | Ref | Â | Ref | Â |
Ambulatory (50-70%) | 106 | 34 (25.2% ) | 0.32 (0.09-1.06) | 0.062 | 0.34 (0.12-1.18) | 0.09 |
Bedridden (<50%) | 11 | 5 (3.7%) | 0.57 (0.16-1.99) | 0.375 | 0.60 (0.14-1.87) | 0.39 |
Drug adherence by pharmacy refill record | ||||||
>= 95% | 543 | 114 (80%) | Ref | Â | Ref | Â |
< 95% | 48 | 24 (20%) | 3.76 (2.06-6.87) | 0.001 | 3.82 (2.17-5.97) | 0.001 |
Employment status | ||||||
Employed | 496 | 111 (80%) | Ref | Â | Ref | Â |
Unemployed | 90 | 26 (19%) | 1.41 (0.85-2.33) | 0.18 | 1. 37 (0.88-2.10) | 0.26 |
Retired | 1 | 0 (0%) | Omitted | Omitted | Omitted | Â |
Student | 4 | 1 (1%) | 1.16 (0.12-11.2) | 0.90 | 1.18 (0.15-10.6) | 0.94 |
Highest educational achievement | ||||||
No formal education | 283 | 80 (58%) | Ref | Â | Ref | Â |
Primary education | 131 | 26 (19%) | 0.63 (0.38-1.04) | 0.07 | 0.66 (0.39-1.07) | 0.06 |
Secondary education | 30 | 7 (5%) | 0.77 (0.32-1.87) | 0.57 | 0.74 (0.31-1.79) | 0.61 |
Post-secondary / Tertiary / Advanced education (M.Sc, PhD) | 147 | 25 (18%) | 0.53 (0.32-0.88) | 0.01 | 0.60 (0.30-0.86) | 0.02 |
Socio-economic class | ||||||
Class 1 | 23 | 6 (4%) | Ref | Â | Â | Â |
Class 2 | 93 | 18 (13%) | 0.68 (0.23-1.97) | 0.48 | Â | Â |
Class 3 | 260 | 55 (40%) | 0.76 (0.29-2.02) | 0.58 | Â | Â |
Class 4 | 195 | 55 (40%) | 1.11 (0.42-2.97) | 0.83 | Â | Â |
Class 5 | 20 | 4 (3%) | 0.71 (0.17-2.98) | 0.64 | Â | Â |
Current smoker | ||||||
Yes | 10 | 3 (2%) | 1.42 (0.36-5.55) | 0.62 | Â | Â |
No | 581 | 135 (98%) | Ref | Â | Â | Â |
Current drug user | ||||||
Yes | 1 | 0 (0%) | Omitted | Omitted | Â | Â |
No | 590 | 138 (100%) | Ref | Â | Â | Â |
Current alcohol user | ||||||
Yes | 47 | 14 (10%) | 1.44 (0.75-2.77) | 0.28 | Â | Â |
No | 544 | 124 (90%) | Ref | Â | Â | Â |
Current herbal drug user | ||||||
Yes | 17 | 6 (4%) | 1.83 (0.66-5.03) | 0.24 | Â | Â |
No | 574 | 132 (96%) | Ref | Â | Â | Â |