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Table 3 Risk factors for carriage of S. pneumoniae, non-typable (NT) H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, and S. aureus by univariate and multivariate analysis

From: Nasopharyngeal flora in children with acute otitis media before and after implementation of 7 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in France

 

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analysis*

 

OR [95% CI]

P value

OR [95% CI]

P value

Carriage of S. pneumoniae

    

Fever ≥ 38.5°C

1.47 1.30;1.66

< 0.0001

1.3 1.11;1.54

0.002

Daycare centre attendance

1.45 1.28;1.65

< 0.0001

1.51 1.28;1.78

< 0.0001

Carriage of M. catarrhalis

1.41 1.25;1.59

< 0.0001

1.17 1.01;1.36

0.034

Period of the study

1.01 0.89;1.14

0.905

0.85 0.69;1.05

0.130

Age ≥ 12 months

0.99 0.88;1.11

0.853

0.94 0.81;1.09

0.392

Antibiotic use 3 months before enrolment

0.80 0.69;0.92

0.002

0.76 0.66;0.89

< 0.0001

Carriage of H. influenzae

0.80 0.71;0.90

< 0.0001

0.84 0.72;0.98

0.028

Conjunctivitis

0.50 0.43;0.57

< 0.0001

0.52 0.44;0.62

< 0.0001

Carriage of S. aureus

0.36 0.27;0.46

< 0.0001

0.49 0.35;0.67

< 0.0001

Carriage of NT H. influenzae

    

Conjunctivitis

4.64 3.98;5.42

< 0.0001

4.39 3.67;5.26

< 0.0001

Daycare centre attendance

1.63 1.44;1.85

< 0.0001

1.40 1.18;1.65

< 0.0001

Age ≥ 12 months

1.43 1.27;1.62

< 0.0001

1.28 1.10;1.48

0.001

Antibiotic use 3 months before enrolment

1.27 1.10;1.46

0.001

1.22 1.05;1.42

0.01

Period of the study

1.08 0.96;1.22

0.224

0.89 0.73;1.08

0.261

Carriage of S. pneumoniae

0.80 0.71;0.90

< 0.0001

0.83 0.71;0.96

0.015

Carriage of S. aureus

0.47 0.35;0.62

< 0.0001

0.61 0.43;0.85

0.004

Carriage of M. catarrhalis

    

Daycare centre attendance

1.91 1.68;2.17

< 0.0001

1.83 1.60;2.09

< 0.0001

Carriage of S. pneumoniae

1.41 1.25;1.59

< 0.0001

1.23 1.08;1.39

0.001

Fever ≥ 38.5°C

1.30 1.15;1.46

< 0.0001

1.17 1.03;1.33

0.015

Period of the study

1.22 1.08;1.38

0.001

1.08 0.95;1.22

0.255

Age ≥ 12 months

1.14 1.01;1.28

0.037

1.05 0.93;1.19

0.424

Conjunctivitis

0.79 0.68;0.90

0.001

0.77 0.67;0.89

< 0.0001

Carriage of S. aureus

0.40 0.31;0.52

< 0.0001

0.44 0.33;0.58

< 0.0001

Carriage of S. aureus

    

Carriage of S. pneumoniae

0.36 0.27;0.47

< 0.0001

0.35 0.26;0.46

< 0.0001

Carriage of H. influenzae

0.47 0.35;0.62

< 0.0001

0.43 0.33;0.57

< 0.0001

Carriage of M. catarrhalis

0.40 0.31;0.52

< 0.0001

0.42 0.32;0.55

< 0.0001

Age ≥ 12 months

0.61 0.47;0.79

< 0.0001

0.65 0.50;0.85

0.002

Period of the study

0.84 0.65;1.08

0.173

0.92 0.70; 1.19

0.521

  1. OR = odds ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval.
  2. *Tested variables in the regression logistic model were: period of the study, age, daycare attendances modalities, conjunctivitis, fever ≥ 38.5°C, otalgia, antibiotic 3 months before inclusion, Sp, Hi, Bc and Sa carriage. Only variables kept in the final model are presented in the table.
  3. - Daycare center attendance was associated with increased carriage rates of Sp, NTHi and Mc.
  4. - Age > 12 months was associated with increased NTHi carriage and with decreased Sa carriage.
  5. - Fever ≥ 38.5°C was associated with an increased risk of Sp carriage.
  6. - Conjunctivitis was associated with an increased risk of NTHi carriage and a decreased risk of Sp carriage.
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BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

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