Table 1 Demographic, maternal and infant characteristics of HIV-infected women giving birth, by history of injection drug use and surveillance year, St. Petersburg, Russia, 2004−2008, enhanced perinatal HIV surveillance.

Maternal demographic characteristics and reproductive history

Age

.0007

   <21 years

34.0 (71)

27.2 (63)

20.7 (51)

13.8 (37)

9.5 (25)

<.0001

13.0 (45)

11.5 (35)

6.2 (13)

6.8 (15)

6.0 (11)

   21-30 years

63.2 (132)

66.4 (154)

69.1 (170)

75.1 (202)

73.1 (193)

0.0026

84.1 (290)

80.3 (244)

84.8 (178)

82.0 (182)

80.9 (148)

0.5529

   >30 years

2.9 (6)

6.5 (15)

10.2 (25)

11.2 (30)

17.4 (46)

<.0001

2.9 (10)

8.2 (25)

9.1 (19)

11.3 (25)

13.1 (24)

<.0001

Married/Nonmarital union ³

85.2 (178)

84.6 (197)

83.7 (206)

80.6 (214)

82.8 (212)

0.2695

77.1 (266)

66.4 (202)

60.0 (126)

65.8 (144)

56.9 (103)

<.0001

City resident

62.2 (130)

68.2 (159)

64.5 (158)

64.3 (173)

72.0 (190)

0.1075

76.5 (264)

77.0 (234)

82.8 (173)

76.1 (169)

76.4 (139)

0.9424

Previous livebirth

20.6 (43)

26.3 (61)

26.4 (65)

30.9 (83)

37.9 (100)

<.0001

26.7 (92)

42.8 (130)

43.3 (91)

42.8 (95)

41.5 (76)

0.0003

Perinatal characteristics

Unintended pregnancy

52.2 (109)

34.2 (79)

25.4 (62)

27.2 (67)

30.2 (70)

<.0001

65.8 (225)

63.8 (192)

55.1 (109)

52.2 (105)

46.0 (63)

<.0001

Start of prenatal care

≤28 weeks

77.5 (162)

82.8 (193)

85.4 (210)

84.8 (228)

83.7 (221)

0.0826

60.9 (210)

51.3 (156)

55.7 (117)

66.2 (147)

66.7 (122)

0.0214

>28 weeks

4.8 (10)

3.9 (9)

4.9 (12)

2.6 (7)

4.2 (11)

0.5403

6.4 (22)

6.3 (19)

4.3 (9)

3.2 (7)

3.8 (7)

0.0508

None

17.7 (37)

13.3 (31)

9.8 (24)

12.6 (34)

12.1 (32)

0.1136

32.8 (113)

42.4 (129)

40.0 (84)

30.6 (68)

29.5 (54)

0.1428

Injection drug use during pregnancy

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

51.6 (178)

59.5 (181)

61.9 (130)

56.8 (126)

62.3 (114)

0.0387

Preterm delivery

10.7 (22)

15.7 (36)

14.4 (35)

15.2 (40)

19.7 (51)

0.0199

31.8 (108)

36.0 (108)

34.8 (72)

31.7 (70)

38.1 (69)

0.4036

Mode of delivery

Elective cesarean delivery

5.3 (11)

7.4 (17)

7.4 (18)

8.0 (21)

7.7 (20)

0.3419

2.3 (8)

4.0 (12)

3.9 (8)

4.5 (10)

5.5 (10)

0.0684

Emergency cesarean delivery

9.7 (20)

9.6 (22)

12.4 (30)

13.4 (35)

15.4 (40)

0.0233

11.1 (38)

6.3 (19)

4.8 (10)

9.1 (20)

15.5 (28)

0.2114

Vaginal

85.0 (175)

83.0 (190)

80.3 (195)

78.6 (206)

76.8 (199)

0.0124

86.6 (296)

89.7 (271)

91.3 (189)

86.4 (191)

79.0 (143)

0.0347

Maternal clinical characteristics

HIV Diagnosis at

Labor/Delivery

12.5 (26)

11.2 (26)

6.9 (17)

8.2 (22)

9.9 (26)

0.2089

18.6 (64)

26.0 (79)

22.4 (47)

21.2 (47)

18.6 (34)

0.8095

Hepatitis C

39.2 (82)

33.9 (79)

28.1 (69)

32.7 (88)

24.2 (64)

0.0013

89.3 (308)

90.5 (275)

96.2 (202)

88.7 (197)

88.0 (161)

0.7412

CD4 Test Performed

57.9 (121)

61.8 (144)

73.6 (181)

83.3 (224)

80.3 (212)

<.0001

47.5 (164)

39.1 (119)

42.4 (89)

55.0 (122)

63.9 (117)

<.0001

CD4 count

≤200

0.8 (1)

2.8 (4)

2.8 (5)

3.1 (7)

2.8 (6)

0.3366

3.1 (5)

5.0 (6)

6.7 (6)

9.0 (11)

8.6 (10)

0.0200

201-350

14.1 (17)

9.7 (14)

9.4 (17)

10.3 (23)

9.0 (19)

0.2599

12.8 (21)

8.4 (10)

13.5 (12)

8.2 (10)

12.8 (15)

0.8713

>350

85.1 (103)

87.5 (126)

87.9 (159)

86.6 (194)

88.2 (187)

0.5740

84.2 (138)

86.6 (103)

79.8 (71)

82.8 (101)

78.6 (92)

0.1771

Viral Load Test Performed

10.0 (21)

18.1 (42)

33.7 (83)

54.7 (147)

75.4 (199)

<.0001

7.5 (26)

7.9 (24)

20.5 (43)

32.4 (72)

57.9 (106)

<.0001

Viral load

>10,000

42.9 (9)

23.8 (10)

22.9 (19)

18.4 (27)

8.5 (17)

<.0001

42.3 (11)

54.2 (13)

23.3 (10)

22.2 (16)

12.3 (13)

<.0001

1,001-10,000

38.1 (8)

42.9 (18)

36.1 (30)

26.5 (39)

10.1 (20)

<.0001

34.6 (9)

29.2 (7)

32.6 (14)

34.7 (25)

16.7 (18)

0.0362

≤1,000

19.1 (4)

33.3 (14)

41.0 (34)

55.1 (81)

81.4 (162)

<.0001

23.1 (6)

16.7 (4)

44.2 (19)

43.1 (31)

70.8 (75)

<.0001

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission and infant abandonment

Start of prenatal antiretroviral therapy

≤28 weeks

44.9 (92)

56.1 (129)

67.1 (161)

72.6 (188)

72.3 (185)

<.0001

44.4 (152)

35.9 (107)

40.3 (81)

50.7 (109)

54.2 (96)

0.0032

>28 weeks

34.2 (70)

24.4 (56)

18.8 (45)

10.8 (28)

9.8 (25)

<.0001

19.0 (65)

17.5 (52)

12.4 (25)

7.9 (17)

7.9 (14)

<.0001

None

21.0 (43)

19.6 (45)

14.2 (34)

16.6 (43)

18.0 (46)

0.2958

36.6 (125)

46.6 (139)

47.3 (95)

41.4 (89)

37.9 (67)

0.7900

Type of antiretroviral prophylaxis

Full course dual/triple ARV prophylaxis⁴

13.9 (29)

15.0 (35)

18.7 (46)

55.8 (150)

59.1 (156)

<.0001

9.3 (32)

5.3 (16)

17.6 (37)

41.9 (93)

43.7 (80)

<.0001

Full course AZT prophylaxis⁵

61.2 (128)

59.7 (139)

64.2 (158)

22.7 (61)

20.5 (54)

<.0001

50.4 (174)

45.1 (137)

33.3 (70)

16.2 (36)

16.9 (31)

<.0001

Incomplete ARV prophylaxis⁶

24.9 (52)

25.3 (59)

17.1 (42)

21.6 (58)

20.5 (54)

0.1534

40.3 (139)

49.7 (151)

49.1 (103)

41.9 (93)

39.3 (72)

0.6076

Infant follow-up

75.5 (154/204)

69.6 (156/224)

71.7 (172/240)

66.5 (173/260)

41.8 (107/256)

<.0001

84.7 (282/333)

78.9 (232/294)

82.8 (168/203)

66.1 (142/215)

32.8 (58/177)

<.0001

Perinatal HIV transmission ⁷

3.9 (6/154)

5.8 (9/156)

3.5 (6/172)

2.9 (5/173)

NA

0.4250

6.0 (17/282)

10.3 (24/232)

7.1 (12/168)

3.5 (5/142)

NA

0.3851

Infant abandonment

5.5 (11/202)

3.2 (7/221)

3.0 (7/237)

4.3 (11/257)

3.5 (9/255)

0.5531

15.6 (51/326)

20.2 (55/273)

18.8 (33/176)

9.8 (20/205)

9.9 (17/172)

0.0090