From: Determinants of leptospirosis in Sri Lanka: Study Protocol
Authors | Country | Study | Sample size | Risk factors | Odds ratio(CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Douglin et al (1997) | St. Andrew Barbados | Laboratory based retrospective | Cases 22 | Gardening | 4.57(1.09-20.36) |
 |  |  | Con. 38 | presence of dogs around the home | 7.82(1.79-46.55) |
 |  |  |  | wearing boots in the garden or yard | 8.59(1.93-42.55) |
 |  |  |  | walking through ponds or stagnant water | 25.62(2.89-1151.84) |
Bovet et al (1999) | Seychellus | Population based prospective | Cases 75 | Gardening | 9.86 (2.6-36.1) |
 |  |  | Con. 65 | Indoor occupation | 0.28 (0.09-0.85) |
 |  |  |  | Home built with corrugated iron | 4.6 (1.09-19.4) |
 |  |  |  | Wet soil around home | 5.65 (1.39-23) |
 |  |  |  | Refuse not collected by public service | 5.23 (1.37-20) |
 |  |  |  | Cats at home | 7.55 (2.04-27.9) |
 |  |  |  | Skin wounds | 6.66 (2.04-27.9) |
 |  |  |  | Drinking locally made brew | 5.41 (1.38-21.2) |
Leal-Castellanos et al (2003) | Chiapas, Mexico | Rural community prevalence study | 1169 subjects | skin cut or abrasion | 4.2 (3.1-5.7) |
 |  |  |  | contact with animal excreta with no | 1.9 (1.3-2.7) |
 |  |  |  | protection and with a skin cut or abrasion | 2.3 (1.1-4.6) |
Phraisuwan et al (2002) | Thailand | High risk exposure - after pond cleaning | Cases 43 | wearing long pants or skirts | 0.217 |
 |  |  | Con. 61 | presence of more than two wounds on the body | 3.97 |
Ashford et al (2000) | Nicaragua | High risk exposure Following an Outbreak | Case 85 | Rural household | 2.61 (1.06-6.45) |
 |  |  | Con. 481 | Gathering wood | 2.08 (1.14-3.79) |
 |  |  |  | Shelling/husking corn | 1.8 (0.72-4.51) |
 |  |  |  | Indoor water source | 0.42 (0.22-0.80) |
Everard et al | Barbados | Laboratory based retrospective | Â | Sugar-cane workers | 5 |
(1990) | Â | Â | Â | those whose families minded livestock | 2.5 |
 |  |  |  | rodents in their garden/yard | 1.8 |
Johnson et al (2004) | Peru | Endemic area seroprevalence | Case 235 Con. 1116 | Not wearing shoes in the field | 2.17 (1.39-3.37) |
Tangkanakul et al (2000) | North- eastern, Thailand | Hospital based Prospective | Case 56 | travel on potholed roads | 5.0 ( 1.2-20.2) |
 |  |  | Con. 145 | traveling by car | 0.2 ( 0.06-0.9) |
Sarkar et al (2002) | Salvador, Brazil | During an epidemic retrospective population based | Case 101 | Open sewer in proximity | 5.07 (2.04-12.64) |
 |  |  | Con. 125 | Open sewer floods during rainy season | 4.21 (1.51-12.83) |
 |  |  |  | Street floods during rainy season | 2.54 (1.08-6.17) |
 |  |  |  | > 6 h/day outdoors | 2.42 (1.16-5.00) |
 |  |  |  | Contact with sewer water | 3.63 (1.69-7.25) |
 |  |  |  | Contact with floodwater | 3.03 (1.44-6.39) |
 |  |  |  | Contact with mud | 3.08 (1.32-5.87) |
 |  |  |  | Sighting groups of five or more rats | 5.00 (2.22-21.25) |
 |  |  |  | Peri-domiciliar sighting of rats Sighting | 3.40 (1.74-11.78) |
 |  |  |  | Sighting rats at work site | 2.40 (1.11-5.17) |
 |  |  |  | Dog as domestic animal | 1.19 (0.57-2.47) |
 |  |  |  | Works > 40 h/week | 1.72 (0.89-3.66) |
 |  |  |  | Works outdoors exclusively | 2.46 (1.04-5.11) |
 |  |  |  | Work-related contact with trash | 2.36 (1.23-5.56) |
Nardone et al (1998) | Metropolitan France | Retrospective, hospital-based | Case 90 | Skin lesion | 7.0 (2.7-17.6) |
 |  |  | Con. 169 | Countryside residence | 2.9 (1.1-7.6) |
 |  |  |  | Canoeing | 15.5 (1.6-147.0) |
 |  |  |  | Any animal contact | 4.8 (1.4-16.2) |