Patient experiences of switching from Efavirenz- to Dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy: a qualitative study in Uganda

Background In 2019, the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommended Dolutegravir (DTG) as the preferred first-line antiretroviral treatment (ART) for all persons with HIV. ART regimen switches may affect HIV treatment adherence. We sought to describe patient experiences switching from EFV to DTG-based ART in Kampala, Uganda. Methods Between July and September 2019, we purposively sampled adults living with HIV who had switched to DTG at the Infectious Diseases Institute HIV clinic. We conducted in-depth interviews with adults who switched to DTG, to explore their preparation to switch and experiences on DTG. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically using Atlas ti version 8 software. Results We interviewed 25 adults: 18 (72%) were women, and the median age was 35 years (interquartile range [IQR] 30–40). Median length on ART before switching to DTG was 67 months (IQR 51–125). Duration on DTG after switching was 16 months (IQR 10–18). Participants reported accepting provider recommendations to switch to DTG mainly because they anticipated that swallowing a smaller pill once a day would be more convenient. While most participants initially felt uncertain about drug switching, their providers offer of frequent appointments and a toll-free number to call in the event of side effects allayed their anxiety. At the same time, participants said they felt rushed to switch to the new ART regimen considering that they had been on their previous regimen(s) for several years and the switch to DTG happened during a routine visit when they had expected their regular prescription. Some participants felt unprepared for new adverse events associated with DTG and for the abrupt change in treatment schedule. Most participants said they needed additional support from their health providers before and after switching to DTG. Conclusion and recommendations Adults living with HIV stable on an EFV-based regimen but were switched to DTG in a program-wide policy change found the duration between counselling and drug switching inadequate. DTG was nonetheless largely preferred because of the small pill size, once daily dosing, and absence of EFV-like side effects. Community-engaged research is needed to devise acceptable ways to prepare participants for switching ART at scale. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06851-9.

Background Dolutegravir (DTG), an integrase strand transfer inhibitor, has better efficacy, tolerability and durability than non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based first-line regimens [1]. DTG is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the preferred first-and second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) [2][3][4][5]. DTG induces rapid viral suppression following ART initiation, and has a higher genetic barrier to drug resistance and lower potential for drugdrug interactions than efavirenz (EFV) or nevirapine (NVP) [5]. In 2017, the WHO recommended transitioning to DTG-based first line regimens in settings where pre-treatment NNRTI drug resistance exceeds the recommended 10% threshold, such as in East and Southern Africa [6]. There is complexity in dealing with HIV related drug switches, including management of drug induced toxicities, risk communication and response to side effects. Since DTG is a relatively new drug, information about user experiences and management of side effects as well as the communication of DTG risks is critical to optimising wider rollout.
By mid-2019, the national ART programmes of most low-and middle-income countries (LMIC) had adopted or planned to adopt a DTG-based regimen for first-line treatment [6]. Programmatic evaluations of tenofovir (TDF) switches have been conducted in three African countries, but were quantitative in nature [7]. While quantitative studies may be useful in addressing some switch gaps, they are survey based and provide limited data on participant experiences. There has been little evaluation of patient perspectives during drug switching in public health programs among HIV patients in Africa. Adverse events are commonly associated with drug switching [8], but little is known about other patient experiences during the switch to DTG. Numerous challenges to drug switching are driven in part by the bottlenecks of the weak health systems of LMICs and short-time lines that have been set for transitioning patients to DTG-based ART [9]. When providers adopt guidelines, participants may experience new challenges to adherence after switching from EFV or NVP-based ART to DTG-based ART [6]. In the Swiss HIV Cohort Study, up to 6% of patients discontinued DTG after drug switching because of neuropsychiatric side-effects [10].
In 2018, WHO released interim guidelines recommending a cautious approach to DTG use in women due to reported potential risks in pregnancy, including neural tube defects (NTDs) when used in the preconception period [11]. DTG usage was restricted to women who were using effective contraception or already in the second or third trimester of pregnancy. However, in 2019, WHO updated its guidance for women to use DTG without use of contraception or pregnancy testing [6]. Educating women about potential risks and benefits of DTG might cause women to make informed decision about accepting or rejecting DTG. All restrictions for use of Dolutegravir-based regimen as preferred first-and second-line ART for all pregnant and breastfeeding women were removed from Uganda treatment guidelines [12]. The 2020 HIV guidelines recommend procedures for substituting ARVs in adults, adolescents and children already on first line ART and recommend options for subsequent second and third-line regimens. These guidelines emphasize the importance of pharmacovigilance (PV) and describe the procedures for identifying, investigating, reporting and management of adverse effects of ART, anti-TB and other medications. Importantly, the Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) trained health care providers on DTG switching.
In Uganda, participants were switched in phased manner in 2018 to the newly recommended firstline regimen-tenofovir, lamivudine and dolutegravir (TLD)-for adults weighing ≥ 35 kg [13]. It was estimated that 250,000 eligible men and women would have accessed TLD by December 2019. In Uganda, approximately 1.3 million people with HIV are on ART [14]. Prior to the national rollout of DTG, the Uganda MoH and the Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) launched a DTG pilot study in July 2017 for persons newly initiating treatment or switched from an NNRTI regimen due to intolerance [15]. At the time of the study, little was known about the experiences of people with HIV when their provider switched them to DTG. Few published studies have examined patient experiences of being switched to DTG [6]. Qualitative studies can help program designers, implementers and policy makers better understand patient experiences during the implementation of new treatment policies [11]. Describing patient switch experiences is critical to inform programs and policy decisions that may promote uptake and adherence to DTG-based treatment [16]. Therefore, we aimed to describe participants' experiences switching from EFV-based and NVP-based ART to DTG-based ART at a large urban HIV clinic in Kampala, Uganda. Twimukye et al. BMC Infectious Diseases (2021) 21:1154

Setting
The Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI) HIV clinic is a large urban care centre with more than 8000 clients on ART. It consists of a general clinic (with free clinical services) which operates from 8:00am to 5:00 pm and a co-pay clinic, an after-hours clinic which operates after 5:00 pm, that offers patients options for voluntary financing of some health care services in return for more convenient services [17]. In July 2017, the Uganda MoH selected the IDI as an early adopter site to pilot DTG-based ART. The purpose of the pilot study was to generate preliminary data to inform national scale-up. Drug switching in the pilot took place in two phases: from July 2017, participants on first line NNRTI-based ART (commonly tenofovir, lamivudine and efavirenz; TLE) who had achieved viral suppression but were experiencing toxicities were switched. From March 2018, other patients who were all virally suppressed participants on first-line NNRTIs not experiencing side effects were also switched.
HIV counsellors used a standard operating procedure (SOP) provided by the Uganda MoH to explain the DTG switch to eligible participants. The SOP required providers to explain the switch to DTG-based ART (TLD), how to take DTG, possible benefits of drug switching, side effects, and other considerations. Participants were educated about the change in routine for taking DTG in the morning hours to avoid insomnia. Health talks and discussions about DTG switch were conducted at the clinic waiting area with groups of participants who had come for their routine visits. Health talks were given early in morning at the general clinic and not at the evening copay clinic. Participants were not told in advance of their routine visit that their ART regimens were to be changed. Counsellors assessed patient readiness to switch by asking the individual whether they were ready to switch or not. For most participants, drug switching occurred on the same day they were counselled.

Study design
Between July and September 2019, we conducted a qualitative study using a phenomenological approach at the IDI HIV clinic in Kampala, Uganda.

Sampling
In July 2019, using a maximum variation strategy, we purposively sampled 25 adults aged ≥ 18 years with HIV who switched to DTG from a first-line regimen. Eligible participants had to have been on ART at the IDI HIV clinic for more than one year before they were switched to DTG. Participant selection took into consideration age, gender, marital status and socio-economic status.

Data collection
Potential participants were invited via phone or personal contact to participate in a face-to-face in-depth interview conducted in a private location at the IDI HIV clinic. The topic guide included open-ended questions and flexible probes to investigate the personal switch experiences of each respondent. We asked open ended questions about: (i) perceived risks and benefits of switching to DTG), (ii) switch preparation process, (iii) experiences at the time of switch, (iv) treatment experiences on DTG, and (v) suggestions to improve the switching experience. We conducted interviews in one of two languages (English and Luganda [local language]) depending on the participant's preference. The sample size was determined by saturation [18] meaning new participants were recruited until no new themes emerged. Interviews were audio-recorded with participant consent and transcribed verbatim for data analysis. Transcripts were checked for completeness and accuracy. The study also collected baseline information for the study participants.

Data management and analysis
We used an inductive approach to apply descriptive, thematic codes [19] using ATLAS.ti, version 8 (Berlin, Germany). Transcript recordings and notes were reviewed for content related to the research question and a coding scheme developed. The initial codebook was developed after careful line-by-line analysis of the text in each transcript through open coding. We assigned codes to relevant segments of the text, and similar or related codes aggregated to form themes [9] such as positive and negative experiences of drug switching, experiences with DTG-related side effects and to develop coherent narratives. We report key phrases and verbatim quotes on the switch experience, organized by theme. The consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) checklist was used to report study findings [20].

Ethical approval
This study was approved by the Joint Clinical Research Center Research Ethics Committee (JC3118), and by the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (SS 314ES). A bilingual Luganda and English speaker carried out forward-and back-translation of the consent form. The research assistants (RAs) read the consent form aloud, and all participants provided written informed consent.

Participant characteristics
We used purposive sampling to approach 30 participants to take part in IDIs and interviewed 25. Five participants were not interviewed because of lack of time due to their busy work schedules. Participants included ten women of reproductive age or older and ten men. We also included five women of reproductive age who had ever used DTG but stopped due to pregnancy restrictions. However, interviews among women of reproductive age were conducted after the release of the new data regarding possible DTG safety risks in pregnancy. Of the 25 participants, four were from the co-pay clinic, of higher socio economic status and not directly comparable to those in the general clinic. Most participants (68%) were women (Tables 1, 2). Median age was 35 years (interquartile range [IQR] [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. Median length on ART before drug switching was 67 months (IQR 51-125). Duration on DTG after switching was 16 months (IQR 10-18). The majority (56%) described themselves as married or cohabiting and as having completed ≥ 8 years of education (68%). Nearly one-in-three (28%) had WHO stage 3

Male Female
Participants stable on DTG (SOD) 5 5 Participants who experienced side effects (ESE) 3 2 Women of reproductive age on DTG (RSD) 0 5 Women of reproductive age off DTG (RSOD) 0 5 Total 8 17 HIV disease and five (20.8%) self-reported experiencing poor adherence after drug switching to DTG (Table 1). We identified five major themes in the data: (1) patients accepting the switch to DTG, (2) uncertainty about drug switching, (3) feeling rushed to switch to a new ART regimen, (4) involvement of sexual partners and care givers in patients rushed decision to switch, and (5) suggestions by patients for proper communication and effective orientation to new treatment option which are represented in Fig. 1.

DTG dosing perceived to be simpler than EFV
Participants said they accepted their provider's recommendation to switch to DTG in part because they anticipated that swallowing a smaller pill just once a day would be more convenient than their past regimen especially for those who had been taking nevirapine regimens that were dosed twice daily. Common terminologies that ran through participants narratives included: "…it is easy to swallow", "… you can swallow it without eating", "… this one (DTG) reduces on the side effects of the previous one", "…smaller pill as compared to efavirenz", "… It is one tablet so it is not difficult", '' …I swallow it once'' . They found DTG convenient and easier to take than EFV because it is smaller and taken less frequently: introduced that rapidly suppressed the virus as commonly expressed: "… It is stronger, " "…it is the best at suppressing the virus"; "…it is an improvement:" Changing it (EFV) and transitioning to another one like this one (DTG); I see that if one adheres well to his drugs… the virus is suppressed quickly. [IDI_ female patient_ general clinic_SOD_17].

DTG perceived to have fewer side effects than EFV
Majority of participants were encouraged by the preparatory health talk they received about DTG, which emphasized resolution of EFV-related side effects such as dizziness and hallucinations:

Switch perceived as a sign of good adherence
Most participants believed that their health providers flagged them as eligible for the switch because they had achieved viral suppression. For example, participants explained" …they decided to change me because my viral load was suppressed, " that the "… patient should have been doing well on the previous drug", and that "… There was a tag on my file recommending me on the new drug'' . Participants felt that simplifying the drug regimen was a reward for those taking their first line drugs as prescribed and on time and a sign that they were good participants: The reason they gave me for switch was that I was adhering well to the ART.

Feeling that drug switching was a compulsory government policy
The majority of participants felt they had to accept switching because it was a compulsory government policy. It was mandatory to switch every client who was on first-line ART in accordance with new MoH guidelines:

Feeling rushed to switch to a new art regimen
The majority of participants said they felt rushed to start the new ART regimen that was prescribed during a routine visit when they had expected to pick up their previously prescribed medicines. They described the DTG switch process as "abrupt and surprising": Most participants said health talks about switching were done hurriedly because health workers were busy, which caused some participants to have knowledge gaps about DTG. The majority lacked sufficient information about DTG as commonly expressed, "… nobody told me about its side effects. I think people are so busy", "…do not know switch from what drugs to what''; "…I failed to get the name of the new drug". All participants desired to know the reasons for drug switching, specifics of the new drug especially its related side effects, benefits compared to the previous regimen, timing, DTG use and pregnancy. All participants suggested information sharing mechanisms about switch such as patient leaflets, audio visuals and sensitisation seminars: Few participants highlighted a concern about missing detailed health talks due to late coming and suggested Participants who attended the evening clinic missed group health education about switching to DTG that only occurred only to participants who attended the day clinic: With day clinic I saw the switch process was perfect because… they address them as a group, they tell them when they are together, the counsellor comes and talks to them, "we are changing this because of this and this", which is not like in private clinic. [IDI_ female_patient_SOD_8] Most said they needed additional support from their health providers before and after switch such as additional extensive counselling: ... Keep  Participants sought social support from family members to help them cope with the switch.

Concern following abrupt news regarding neural tube defects of DTG in pregnancy
There was widespread concern among participants about potential congenital abnormalities with DTG following foetal exposure to DTG during the first trimester of pregnancy. Most participants disapproved of switching to DTG during pregnancy and said health providers should dispel rumours about neural tube defects for them to accept DTG in pregnancy. Some women of reproductive age who were not using contraception said they chose to stop taking DTG:

I hear about the neural tube thing and especially about us girls …women who have not yet given birth, it is somewhat risky, and it is what I heard. So, I decided to change back to tenofovir, lamivudine, efavirenz (TLE). [IDI_female patient_ general clinic_RSOD_12]
Feeling unprepared for the abrupt change in schedule required for DTG Some also felt unprepared for the abrupt change in dosing schedule required for DTG. Participants were used to taking medicines at night, but with DTG, they switched to morning dosing to avoid insomnia and many struggled to adhere to the new schedule. A limited number of participants missed taking their medication on time by one to two hours because of the switch:

Again the dislike of taking it at daytime… I usually take this medicine at 10am; so in case they call me at 9am to go and start the training and it goes beyond 10am may be up to 11am; then it means… I missed for two hours. So, what I do at times when I know am going to train and my time will elapse, I take again at around 8am when am entering… at times you find when am still there without swallowing the medicine. [IDI_female patient_co-pay clinic_ SOD_25]
In addition, timing fluctuated because of job schedules that made most participants cope by taking DTG at night instead of the recommended morning dosing as expressed by one participant: Five participants with detectable viral load were disappointed to see their viral load increase and attributed it to the rushed DTG switch. They were virologically suppressed before drug switching and felt the switch had interfered with this and suggested viral load monitoring prior to drug switching as illustrated in Table 4:

Involvement of sexual partners and care givers in patients rushed decision to switch
Most participants said they shared information given to them by health care providers about switching to a new treatment option to their care givers, who included elder children, elder siblings, spouse, uncle, or mother. Participants said they mainly shared Information given by health care providers during switch such as benefits of switching to DTG, the expected side effects and how to take it to DTG. Most care givers were willing to support patients in any way possible: Some participants said they consulted their ART experienced family because they were not satisfied with the amount of information given by health providers during the clinic visit. They found such ART experienced family members understanding, supportive. They received confidence to take the new drug when family members shared positive experiences about their own switch: ...apart from a few I share with like there is one also who, he is my paternal uncle, he gets from here. When they gave me the drug I asked him, "Have you seen this change there? What is taking place? What is wrong?" because he picks from here. So whenever I get like a change, I first call him and find out... I get more confident... I take even a photo then I send him, I say, ' One participant said she wanted to consider changing her decision about the new drug when she suffered side effects but received support and courage from her spouse to take it. Her spouse also encouraged her to report any side effects resulting from the switch to a new drug: Some participants said their male sexual partners supported switch because they liked the idea of changing to a fixed dose. One participant said her spouse accepted HIV testing because the new ART option would be easy for him to take: He didn't feel bad about it. He said, 'that one also; at least if they test me' because he has never gone for testing, 'if they find me with the virus, this drug will be easy for me' (IDI_female_ general clinic_SUT_4) Some female participants said their husbands were uncertain as to why drugs were changed, yet their wives were stable on their previous regimen. The perception that switching to a new treatment option was due to poor adherence scared some spouses: When I was telling him and he got scared, he thought I was adhering poorly so the other drug was not working for me and that is why they gave me another one. [IDI_female patient_ general clinic_SOD_17]

Suggestions by patients for proper communication and effective orientation to new treatment option
Most participants said updated information flyers or leaflets should be distributed to all patients upon arrival at the health facility, to communicate and orient all patients to DTG. Information flyers or leaflets should include DTG benefits, related side effects, a convenient time to take it, and nutrition requirements. It should be in appropriate languages and include contact to report side effects. Patients are able to read for themselves and go back at home to read and reflect further on DTG: Place illustrative charts and attractive information posters at different service points such as reception, pharmacy, clinical areas, to interest patients to read about benefits of the new drug and what to do in case they experienced side effects: ... put up these charts; like where we get the drugs from, where people line up, within the facility here. Some will get interested and start reading and it will be also received. [

Discussion
Understanding patient experiences of provider-initiated ART switching is important to developing intervention strategies to improve future ART switches. In this qualitative study, we found that most patients did not object to switching to DTG when encouraged and supported by their providers. We also found that most patients who had switched from EFV to DTG were glad they had done so. Transition of medications in public health programs represents specific periods of heightened information asymmetry. During this time, health care workers (HCWs) have much more information about the new drugs, and patients may feel disempowered if they still have unanswered questions at the time the switch is performed. Information pertaining to people starting ART may be different from those switching from their ART regimen to another [21]. Notably, information needs vary from patient to patient. There is need for sufficient, reliable and adequate information about risks and benefits of switching to DTG among people already on ART [9]. Some patients were concerned about questions related to dosing, adverse events, and reproductive needs (Additional file 1, Additional file 2).
Despite finding that participants had some unanswered questions about DTG switch, most of them did not object to switching to DTG when encouraged and supported by their providers. Most participants who had switched from EFV to DTG were glad they had done so because the switch resolved EFV-related side effects, including dizziness and hallucinations. Most participants liked the once-daily morning dose and the small pill size of DTGbased ART, although many said they struggled to adjust to a new dosing routine. Participants enjoyed switching to a drug that was more beneficial as per MoH recommendations. This study builds on previous research in which researchers showed that DTG is superior to existing treatment regimens and has a more tolerable side-effect profile [3]. Drug switching was driven by the potential direct health benefits of DTG to patients over current first line EFV-based regimens [9], including increasing pre-treatment resistance to NNRTIs, fewer side effects, rapid viral suppression and low pill burden [22]. Pill burden (number of tablets taken daily or large tablet size) is associated with suboptimal adherence [23]. Thus, patients may have better adherence with DTG because of its reduced pill burden.
Most reports have indicated improved tolerability with DTG versus previous EFV regimen with substantial reductions in the number of adverse events. However, some patients experienced some psychiatric effects after switch to DTG as expressed by a participant who said, "I felt like running mad'' . Other participants reported depression, dizziness, and headache which resulted in treatment discontinuation. Since it has been demonstrated that experiencing side effects may result in poor adherence [24,25], there is need for support from health care providers to encourage patients to report any unusual event from the drug, manage toxicities as well as offer adherence support.
We found that women with childbearing potential were concerned about neural tube defects from DTG exposure [21]. Drug substitution may confer new side effects, which calls for ongoing information sharing and ART adherence support [6]. Data from Botswana suggested that periconception use of dolutegravir was associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects [26,27]. This safety concern led to precautionary alerts from WHO and other regulatory agencies, and the restriction of use of DTG in pregnancy or by women of childbearing potential who were not using effective contraception [27], which delayed implementation of DTG roll-out [28]. Although initial studies suggested a possible link between DTG and neural tube defects, data from clinical trials comparing the efficacy and safety of DTG and EFV in Africa showed that the risk of neural tube defects was significantly lower than initially thought [11]. A randomized trial found that DTG was safe and effective in women and their infants when DTG-ART was initiated in the third trimester with follow-up until 72 weeks postpartum [27]. Disseminating correct information about the lack of association between DTG and neural tube defects is key for participants to accept switching. Programmes should continue strengthening pharmacovigilance monitoring of DTG related adverse events as well as birth outcomes.
Participants simultaneously felt unprepared, and worried about DTG-related side effects including insomnia, headache, and weight gain, which negatively affected their quality of life and adherence to the new regimen. Adherence difficulties occurred after switching from EFV nightly dosing to DTG morning dosing. All participants struggled with adherence including selecting dosing times compatible with their work schedules. Given that this was a health provider-initiated switch, there is need to adequately monitor changes in routine of taking drugs for participants. Health providers need to reemphasize the importance of adherence to the switched drug to avoid poor adherence that may result in treatment failure. The side effect commonly explained by health providers was trouble sleeping. This is in agreement with other studies that reported adverse events that tended to occur soon after starting new medication and improved over time [13]. There is need for careful monitoring of DTG since side-effects not previously reported in early clinical trials, such as weight gain, have subsequently been reported from observational studies and randomised trials [29][30][31]. The programmatic roll-out of DTG-based first-line ART should prioritize effective diabetes prevention and treatment strategies for patients switched to DTG [32]. Our study suggests that giving short weekly return appointments to participants helps to monitor drug switching and manage possibly-related side effects. Participants should be educated about management of possible side effects following DTG switching and to seek help from a HCW when they experience side effects. Calling a toll-free number given to participants by HCWs was a mechanism through which they felt free to report drug related challenges including side effects. Participants were also encouraged by health providers to have a phone contact for a specific doctor to report side effects. Some switched participants benefited from support of significant others to manage side effects.
Previous findings revealed a tension between the rapid pace of transition and the weak health system preparedness of DTG switch that resulted in the development of tentative guidelines with no robust evidence to support critical decisions [9]. Delivery of information was done through counselling sessions, clinical sessions and health talks. However, some sessions may have been too brief for clients to address all the questions that could have emerged after the session was completed or even at home. Furthermore, some clients could have missed the talks. The majority of participants felt they had to accept the switch to DTG because it was government policy. Prior research suggests that decentralized ARTprogrammes need close support, supervision and mentoring to absorb new treatment guidelines and to adhere to them [11]. Our study suggests that adequate planning and preparation by health providers is needed in order to implement drug switching as per required new guidelines. Future switches merit a gradual approach that allows for all the necessary institutional and individual capacities to be strengthened to adequately support switched patients [9]. Switching to a new drug requires comprehensive planning and adequate preparation prior to implementation.
During transitions, programs should consider creating avenues for a "pull system" or "on demand" information about new medication, by increasing access to reliable information within (audio-visual recordings playing throughout the day to complement ongoing education and counselling activities), and outside the health facility e.g. toll-free phones or via community engagement models. Participants may be informed about new drug switch guidelines and mechanisms to report drug switch related issues through group or individual counselling sessions at the health facility. Recent communication and integrative models of shared decision-making offer promising approaches for helping to address key decision-making constructs [33]. Health systems should develop mechanisms to record experiences from previous transitions, in order to inform future transitions and reduce repeated mistakes [9]. Communicating to participants about reasons for drug switching as well as explaining possible DTG side effects in a provider-initiated switch is important as it enhances their informed decision-making.

Strengths
Our study is one of the first qualitative evaluations of patient experiences of health provider-initiated switch to DTG-based ART while on a stable NNRTI regimen in sub-Saharan Africa. Our study provides insights on how participants were prepared to adhere to MoH switch guidelines. This study was done at a single large urban center of excellence for HIV care where switch support was available from well-trained and experienced providers.

Limitations
Our study has some limitations. The key limitation of the study is that the IDI clinic is a center of excellence with several doctors and clinicians with several years of experience in HIV care unlike most HIV care facilities throughout the country, limiting the generalizability of our findings. The results of this study therefore show that gaps exist during rollout of new drugs even in a well-established facility. Thus, switching to DTG-based regimens would likely be suboptimal in less resourced health facilities, including in rural areas. Nevertheless, these emerging data from a large tertiary care clinic are an important contribution to the field of drug switching. Ascertaining patterns of drug switch in rural settings will be critical to inform HIV programs when scaling up new HIV treatments. Second, our results are an initial account of DTG-switch experiences that limit perspectives over time. Finally, the drug transition was similarly challenging for participants who pay for their ART services, suggesting that effective communication is needed prior to drug switching irrespective of socio-economic status.

Conclusions
Amongst adults with HIV and stable on an NNRTI regimen but switched to DTG regimen in a program-wide policy change, participants generally preferred the DTGbased regimen because of the small pill size, once-daily dosing, as well as the absence of EFV-like side effects. Participants, however, found the time between being counselled and switched inadequate, and would have preferred more time to understand the DTG regimen and the implications of drug switching. Ensuring proper communication to patients switching to a new treatment option requires collaborative effort to develop effective communication interventions. There is need to conduct research among health care providers and other stake holders to understand how to communicate switch to a new drug and address the support they need to switch patients to a new treatment option. Community-engaged research is needed to devise more acceptable ways to prepare participants for switching ART especially when done at a program wide scale.