Pulmonary nocardiosis in a patient with pemphigus foliaceus: case report and literature review

Background Nocardiosis is an uncommon opportunistic infection seen in immunocompromised patients or those with a dysfunctional immune system. Nocardia asteroides infection in patients with Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) has never been reported. Case presentation We report an interesting case of nocardiosis-characterized by pulmonary intra-cavitary infection, in a 54-year-old man with PF and diabetes mellitus. The man finally recovered from the infection. Conclusions This is the first case reporting pulmonary nocardiosis in a patient with PF. We recommend that physicians be aware of nocardiosis in patients with pemphigus as a possible cause of underlying infectious disease to avoid misdiagnoses and mismanagement.

worked as a farmer and had a 10 pack-year smoking history.
Three months before admission the patient was wounded by a tree branch on the anterior chest but didn't seek medical service at the time. He began feeling fatigued about a month later which was followed gradually by a productive cough and right-sided chest pain. The patient presented to the local clinic with a sudden high grade fever(39.6°C), chills, sputum evolution and shortness of breath, where he was thought to have bacterial pneumonia and received oral and intravenous antibiotic therapy. However, he failed to respond to the therapy and was transferred to Maoming People's Hospital.
During primary evaluation, the patient exhibited a poor general condition and strong breathlessness. Initial vital signs were: Body temperature: 39.4°C; Heart rate: 116 bpm; Respiratory rate: 26 breaths/min; Blood pressure: 101/60; Oxygen saturation: 75%. Physical examination revealed multiple skin lesions on the chest, shoulder, and upper back. An old scar was visible on the right sternal border-on the same area as the skin lesions ( Fig. 1.). Lung auscultation revealed end-inspiratory rales in both lung bases. Blood tests showed a WBC count of 12,910 cells/ul, Rapid C-Reactive Protein count of over 200 mg/L and Hemoglobin count of 11.7 g/dl. His glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was 10.10%.Human immunodeficiency serology was negative. A chest CT was performed and revealed several 'fungal ball' like inclusions in thick-walled cavities present in multiple lobes of both lungs (Fig. 5.).Blood culture, Tuberculin test, Xpert MTB/RIF test, serum (1,3)-β-D-glucan (BDG) and serum   A combination of intravenous cefotaxime (2.25 g,Q8h), amikacin (0.4 g/day) and oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (0.32 g trimethoprim, 1.6 g sulfamethoxazole) daily were initiated after diagnosing Nocardia asteroides, along with continuation of prednisone (20 mg/day) for pemphigus. Insulin was also administered to manage blood glucose levels.
Seven days post-admission, his body temperature became normal and we was told by the patient that the symptoms of cough and breathlessness were markedly improved as well. Blood tests showed WBC counts and levels of Rapid C-Reactive protein within the normal range. Following another 7 days of sequential therapy, the patient was discharged with instructions to continue therapy with oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for next 3 months.
After discharge, the patient did well. His pemphigus was completely under control with a daily oral dose of 20 mg prednisone and progressive improvements took place in cough and breathlessness up to the last visit on August 1, 2020. A follow-up CT was performed in the meanwhile, which revealed further improvement from nocardia pneumonia (Fig. 5.).

Discussion and conclusion
Pemphigus is a rare but serious chronic blistering disorder of the skin and mucous membranes [2]. It is usually categorized into two distinct forms, Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and Pemphigus foliaceus (PF), each with its own variants(e.g. The endemic form of PF, also known as Fogo selvagem (FS)) [3][4][5]. Over the past decades, rare forms of pemphigus have been described, including paraneoplastic pemphigus, IgA pemphigus, and pemphigus herpetiformis, etc. [5]. Even though the disease has a chronic clinical course, the risk of morbidity and mortality is considerable. Before the advent of corticosteroids, estimated mortality rate at the end of 5 years was approximately 100% [6]. With the availability of corticosteroids, the mortality rate has declined to 5-10% [7].
Bacterial infection with Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is the most common complication after long-term administration of corticosteroids in pemphigus patients. However, pulmonary nocardiosis in a patient with pemphigus has been rarely reported in recent cases.
Pulmonary nocardiosis is an opportunistic infection, which usually occurs in immunocompromised patients, alcoholics, and patients on long term immunosuppressive therapy [8]. It has a variable presentation on Chest CT, usually mimicking tuberculosis, fungal balls, or lung cancer [9]. Isolation and identification of Nocardia spp. from cultures of sputum, BAL, and biopsy helps establish the diagnosis [10]. A combination of sulfonamides, amikacin, and ceftriaxone is recommended as first-line therapy [11]. In our patient's case, the long-term management of pemphigus with oral prednisone and poor diabetic control, together, increased the patient's immunodeficiency, finally resulting in pulmonary infection with nocardia. The most probable route of infection is indeed a point of debate-we speculate that apart from the possibility of inhalation, the patient's history of chest trauma should be taken into consideration as well, since pulmonary nocardiosis can potentially result from exposure to bacteria via abraded skin [12].
A literature search based on PubMed/MEDLINE was conducted until July 10, 2020. A total of nine accessible cases reporting pemphigus patients with nocardiosis were retrieved (Table 1) [13][14][15][16][17][18]. One of the studies reported four cases of pulmonary nocardiosis but the presented clinical data was insufficient. The overall gender  composition of studies was 3 females / 6 males. All cases were PV patients who had undergone corticosteroid treatment. Varying doses of sulfonamide antibiotics, particularly trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, was the most used therapeutic regimen. One patient with severely deteriorated health died within a short period of time after biopsy confirmation of nocardiosis, others improved or got cured of pulmonary nocardiosis after therapy. We noticed that except for the study with insufficient data, patients in most case-reports (4/5) had a history of tapered dose of corticosteroids in pemphigus management before presenting with and being diagnosed with nocardiosis. This brings us to a very concerning thought: was it possible that the reduced dosage of corticosteroids during the management of pemphigus resulted in immunological modifications and subsequently increased the risk of contracting opportunistic infections such as nocardiosis? If so, caution should be exercised while deciding optimal dosage as well as the time period for corticosteroid adjustment. Apart from the single patient who died right after diagnosis of nocardia, all others had a good treatment outcome. Therefore, early diagnosis along with timely and effective therapy is extremely important for the management of nocardiosis. According to our extensive searches, this is the first case to be reported of pulmonary nocardiosis in a patient with concomitant PF. Combining the findings of the patient in this case-report and other related reports, we recommend that physicians be aware of nocardiosis in patients with pemphigus as a possible cause of underlying infectious disease to avoid misdiagnoses and mismanagement.