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  1. Lactobacillus jensenii, L. iners, L. crispatus and L. gasseri are the most frequently occurring lactobacilli in the vagina. However, the native species vary widely according to the studied population. The presen...

    Authors: Marcos Daniel Martínez-Peña, Graciela Castro-Escarpulli and Ma Guadalupe Aguilera-Arreola
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:189
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. For almost two decades, chlamydia and gonorrhoea diagnosis rates in remote Indigenous communities have been up to 30 times higher than for non-Indigenous Australians. The high levels of population movement kno...

    Authors: Ben B Hui, Richard T Gray, David P Wilson, James S Ward, Anthony M A Smith, David J Philip, Matthew G Law, Jane S Hocking and David G Regan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:188
    Content type: Research article Published on:

    The Erratum to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:86

  3. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) are a growing concern in hospitals and the community. How to control the nosocomial ESBL-E transmission is a matter of debate. Contact iso...

    Authors: Matthieu Domenech de Cellès, Jean-Ralph Zahar, Véronique Abadie and Didier Guillemot
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:187
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) infections seem to be associated with the onset of actinic keratosis (AK). This study compares the presence of cutaneous HPV types in eyebrow hairs to those in tissues of n...

    Authors: Ines Schneider, Mandy D Lehmann, Vlada Kogosov, Eggert Stockfleth and Ingo Nindl
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:186
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. The integration of empirical data in computational frameworks designed to model the spread of infectious diseases poses a number of challenges that are becoming more pressing with the increasing availability o...

    Authors: Anna Machens, Francesco Gesualdo, Caterina Rizzo, Alberto E Tozzi, Alain Barrat and Ciro Cattuto
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:185
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Countries aiming for malaria elimination need to define their malariogenic potential, of which measures of both receptive and current transmission are major components. As Namibia pursues malaria elimination, ...

    Authors: Abdisalan M Noor, Petrina Uusiku, Richard N Kamwi, Stark Katokele, Benson Ntomwa, Victor A Alegana and Robert W Snow
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:184
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Deep neck infections (DNIs) in HIV-infected patients often produce severe complications, even death. Data on the incidence rates and risks of DNI among HIV-infected patients are scarce, particularly with the w...

    Authors: Ching-Feng Liu, Shih-Feng Weng, Yung-Song Lin, Chih-Sheng Lin, Ching-Feng Lien and Jhi-Joung Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:183
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. The present study was designed to investigate whether teicoplanin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates play a role in the prognosis of patient wi...

    Authors: Jann-Tay Wang, Hau-Shin Wu, Chia-Min Weng, Le-Yin Hsu and Fu-Der Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:182
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Treatment for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is improving but not benefiting individuals unaware to be infected. To inform screening policies we assessed (1) the hepatiti...

    Authors: Susan JM Hahné, Irene K Veldhuijzen, Lucas Wiessing, Tek-Ang Lim, Mika Salminen and Marita van de Laar
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:181
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Day-care centre (DCC) attendees play a central role in maintaining the circulation of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) in the population. The prevalence of pneumococcal carriage is highest in DCC attendees...

    Authors: Delphine Pessoa, Fabian Hoti, Ritva Syrjänen, Raquel Sá-Leão, Tarja Kaijalainen, M Gabriela M Gomes and Kari Auranen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:180
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Dengue is a common illness in the tropics. Equally common are neurological complications that stem from dengue infection. However, to date, parkinsonism following dengue has not been reported in medical litera...

    Authors: Shahrul Azmin, Ramesh Sahathevan, Zainudin Suehazlyn, Zhe Kang Law, Remli Rabani, Wan Yahya Nafisah, Hui Jan Tan and Mohamed Ibrahim Norlinah
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:179
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  12. Unnecessary long-term use of broad-spectrum antibiotics is linked to the emergence and selection of resistant bacteria, prolonged hospitalisation and increased costs. Several clinical trials indicate that the ...

    Authors: Evelien Assink-de Jong, Dylan W de Lange, Jos A van Oers, Maarten W Nijsten, Jos W Twisk and Albertus Beishuizen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:178
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  13. The activity of airborne disinfectants on bacteria, fungi and spores has been reported. However, the issue of the virucidal effect of disinfectants spread by fogging has not been studied thoroughly.

    Authors: Thomas Thevenin, Pierre-Emmanuel Lobert and Didier Hober
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:177
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Confirmed H1N1 cases during late spring and summer 2009 in various countries showed a substantial age shift between importations and local transmission cases, with adults mainly responsible for seeding unaffec...

    Authors: Andrea Apolloni, Chiara Poletto and Vittoria Colizza
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:176
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. This study aimed to assess the costs and clinical benefits of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) administered annually to the 65-year-old cohort in Spain versus the alternative of not vaccina...

    Authors: Roberto Pradas, Angel Gil de Miguel, Alejandro Álvaro, Ruth Gil-Prieto, Reyes Lorente, Cristina Méndez, Pablo Guijarro and Fernando Antoñanzas
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:175
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. The human APOBEC3G (A3G) protein activity is associated with innate immunity against HIV-1 by inducing high rates of guanosines to adenosines (G-to-A) mutations (viz., hypermutation) in the viral DNA. If hypermut...

    Authors: Maria Clara Bizinoto, Shiori Yabe, Élcio Leal, Hirohisa Kishino, Leonardo de Oliveira Martins, Mariana Leão de Lima, Edsel Renata Morais, Ricardo Sobhie Diaz and Luiz Mário Janini
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:173
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae in adults and adolescents is hampered by a lack of rapid and standardized tests for detection.

    Authors: Jiuxin Qu, Li Gu, Jiang Wu, Jianping Dong, Zenghui Pu, Yan Gao, Ming Hu, Yongxiang Zhang, Feng Gao, Bin Cao and Chen Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:172
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Epidemiologic studies of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) depend upon accurate case identification. Our objective was to evaluate the positive predictive value (PPV) of electronic medical record data fo...

    Authors: Pamela J Levine, Miriam R Elman, Ravina Kullar, John M Townes, David T Bearden, Rowena Vilches-Tran, Ian McClellan and Jessina C McGregor
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:171
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Herpes zoster (HZ) is caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and mainly affects individuals aged ≥50 years. The forthcoming European launch of a vaccine against HZ (Zostavax®) prompts the n...

    Authors: Sybil Pinchinat, Ana M Cebrián-Cuenca, Hélène Bricout and Robert W Johnson
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:170
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. In 1872, in British Medical Journal (BMJ) Dr. David Ferrier published that Sarcina ventriculi (Goodsir) constantly occurred in the blood of man and the lower animals. His observation was based on bleeding experim...

    Authors: Tamara Tuuminen, Päivi Suomala and Sakari Vuorinen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:169
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  22. Tuberculosis (TB) is still a great challenge to public health in sub-Saharan Africa. Most transmissions occur between the onset of coughing and initiation of treatment. Delay in diagnosis is significant to dis...

    Authors: Luigi Segagni Lusignani, Gianluca Quaglio, Andrea Atzori, Joseph Nsuka, Ross Grainger, Maria Da Conceiçao Palma, Giovanni Putoto and Fabio Manenti
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:168
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Prevalence of bacteremia caused by non-fermentative gram-negative bacteria (NFGNB) has been increasing over the past decade. Although many studies have already investigated epidemiology of NFGNB bacteremia, mo...

    Authors: Pinyo Rattanaumpawan, Prapassorn Ussavasodhi, Pattarachai Kiratisin and Nalinee Aswapokee
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:167
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Early identification of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance in bloodstream infections (BSIs) decreases morbidity and mortality, particularly in immunocompromised patients. The aim of the present study was t...

    Authors: Liana Carballo Menezes, Talita Trevizani Rocchetti, Karen de Castro Bauab, Paola Cappellano, Milene Gonçalves Quiles, Fabianne Carlesse, Jose Salvador Rodrigues de Oliveira and Antonio Carlos Campos Pignatari
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:166
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is endemic to Southeast Asia and northern Australia. Clinical manifestations of disease are diverse, ranging from chronic infection to acute septica...

    Authors: Yuka Hara, Chui-Yoke Chin, Rahmah Mohamed, Savithri D Puthucheary and Sheila Nathan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:165
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Despite the serious consequences of rubella infection during early pregnancy, very little is known about the rubella seroprevalence in a number of African countries including Burkina Faso.

    Authors: Marc C Tahita, Judith M Hübschen, Zekiba Tarnagda, Da Ernest, Emilie Charpentier, Jacques R Kremer, Claude P Muller and Jean B Ouedraogo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:164
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. In 2003, nosocomial infections caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) occurred rarely in Taiwan. Between 2003 and 2010, however, the average prevalence of vancomycin resistance among enterococci spp....

    Authors: Sai-Cheong Lee, Mi-Si Wu, Hsiang-Ju Shih, Shu-Huan Huang, Meng-Jiun Chiou, Lai-Chu See and Liang-Kee Siu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:163
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. In recent years, Nocardia farcinica has been reported to be an increasingly frequent cause of localized and disseminated infections in the immunocompromised patient. However, recent literature is limited. We repo...

    Authors: Pasquale De Nardo, Maria Letizia Giancola, Salvatore Noto, Elisa Gentilotti, Piero Ghirga, Chiara Tommasi, Rita Bellagamba, Maria Grazia Paglia, Emanuele Nicastri, Andrea Antinori and Angela Corpolongo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:162
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  29. Reservoirs created by damming rivers are often believed to increase malaria incidence risk and/or stretch the period of malaria transmission. In this paper, we report the effects of a mega hydropower dam on P. fa...

    Authors: Delenasaw Yewhalaw, Yehenew Getachew, Kora Tushune, Kifle W/Michael, Wondwossen Kassahun, Luc Duchateau and Niko Speybroeck
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:161
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Cefepime is a fourth generation cephalosporin antimicrobial. Its extended antimicrobial activity and infrequent tendency to engender resistance make it popular for the treatment of infections. However, proper ...

    Authors: Shi Qingping, Ding Feng, Sang Ran, Liu Yan, Yuan HaoYu and Yu Meiling
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:160
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Nosocomial infection diagnosis in the intensive care unit (ICU) remains a challenge. We compared routine measurements of procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell count (WBC) and temperat...

    Authors: Laurent Robriquet, Caroline Séjourné, Eric Kipnis, Michele D’herbomez and François Fourrier
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:159
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. The editors of BMC Infectious Diseases would like to thank all our reviewers who have contributed to the journal in Volume 12 (2012).

    Authors: Philippa K Harris
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:50
    Content type: Reviewer acknowledgement Published on:

  33. Procalcitonin (PCT)-protocols to guide antibiotic treatment in severe infections are known to be effective. But less is known about the long-term effects of such protocols on antibiotic consumption under real ...

    Authors: Andreas Hohn, Stefan Schroeder, Anna Gehrt, Kathrin Bernhardt, Berthold Bein, Karl Wegscheider and Marcel Hochreiter
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:158
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Q fever is a zoonosis that is present in many countries. Q fever fatigue syndrome (QFS) is one of the most frequent sequelae after an acute Q fever infection. QFS is characterized by persistent fatigue followi...

    Authors: Stephan P Keijmel, Corine E Delsing, Tom Sprong, Gijs Bleijenberg, Jos WM van der Meer, Hans Knoop and Chantal P Bleeker-Rovers
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:157
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  35. Enterococci normally inhabit the intestinal tract of humans and are also a potential pathogen in causing nosocomial infections. The increase in antibiotic resistance and transfer of antibiotic resistance gene to

    Authors: Muhammad Arfat Yameen, Saira Iram, Abdul Mannan, Shujaat Ali Khan and Naeem Akhtar
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:156
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Abscesses involving the inguinal region as manifestations of complex soft-tissue infections are rare, and the infectious route is usually unclear. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the importance of i...

    Authors: Wei-Hsiu Hsu, Ching-Yu Lee, Li-Ju Lai, Tsung-Yu Huang and Kuo-Ti Peng
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:155
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Optimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is necessary for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV). There have been relatively few systematic analyses of factors that promote or inhibit adherence to antire...

    Authors: Hoa M Do, Michael P Dunne, Masaya Kato, Cuong V Pham and Kinh V Nguyen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:154
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a disseminated protozoan infection caused by Leishmania donovani parasites which affects almost half a million persons annually. Most of these are from the Indian sub-continent, Eas...

    Authors: Ibrahim Abbasi, Samar Aramin, Asrat Hailu, Welelta Shiferaw, Aysheshm Kassahun, Shewaye Belay, Charles Jaffe and Alon Warburg
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:153
    Content type: Technical advance Published on:

  39. Invasive listeriosis is a rare, life-threatening foodborne disease. Lombardy, an Italian region accounting for 16% of the total population, reported 55% of all listeriosis cases in the years 2006-2010. The aim...

    Authors: Caterina Mammina, Antonio Parisi, Anna Guaita, Aurora Aleo, Celestino Bonura, Antonino Nastasi and Mirella Pontello
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:152
    Content type: Research article Published on:

    The Erratum to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:202

  40. Resurgence of pertussis in the post-vaccination era has been reported in Western countries. A shift of cases from school-age children to adolescents, adults and children under 1 year of age has been described ...

    Authors: Elena Chiappini, Alessia Stival, Luisa Galli and Maurizio de Martino
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:151
    Content type: Debate Published on:

  41. Aggregate comorbidity scores are useful for summarizing risk and confounder control in studies of hospital-associated infections. The Chronic Disease Score – Infectious Diseases (CDS-ID) was developed for this...

    Authors: Vanessa Stevens, Cathleen Concannon, Edwin van Wijngaarden and Jessina McGregor
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:150
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Poststreptococcal syndrome (PSS) can be a consequence of nonpurulent primary infection with group A streptococci (GAS). Postreptococcal uveitis is a well recognized entity with quite a few descriptions in the ...

    Authors: Iwona Rospond-Kubiak, Agata Brązert, Jarosław Kocięcki and Jan Bręborowicz
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:149
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  43. Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) continues to be a frequent and potentially severe infection. There is currently no validated clinical tool for use at the time of CDI diagnosis to categorize patients in o...

    Authors: Mark A Miller, Thomas Louie, Kathleen Mullane, Karl Weiss, Arnold Lentnek, Yoav Golan, Yin Kean and Pam Sears
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:148
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Candidemia is a severe fungal infection that primarily affects hospitalized and/or immunocompromised patients. Mononuclear phagocytes have been recognized as pivotal immune cells which act in the recognition o...

    Authors: Thais Fernanda de Campos Fraga-Silva, James Venturini and Maria Sueli Parreira de Arruda
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:147
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. In developed countries, Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) represents an emerging threat in terms of morbidity and mortality rates. In our country limited CDI epidemiological data can be found.

    Authors: Stefano Di Bella, Maria Musso, Maria A Cataldo, Marcello Meledandri, Eugenio Bordi, Daniela Capozzi, Maria C Cava, Patrizia Chiaradonna, Grazia Prignano and Nicola Petrosillo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:146
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Brucellosis is a common zoonosis that can cause a severe febrile illness in humans. It constitutes a persistent health problem in many developing countries around the world. It is one of the most frequently re...

    Authors: Ibrahim Hassan Kamal, Basim Al Gashgari, Said Salama Moselhy, Taha Abdullah Kumosani and Khalid Omar Abulnaja
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:145
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Amoebic liver abscess (ALA) is the most frequent clinical presentation of extra-intestinal amoebiasis. The diagnosis of ALA is typically based on the developing clinical symptoms, characteristic changes on rad...

    Authors: Tan Zi Ning, Wong Weng Kin, Rahmah Noordin, See Too Wei Cun, Foo Phiaw Chong, Zeehaida Mohamed, Alfonso Olivos-Garcia and Lim Boon Huat
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:144
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Histoplasmosis is a common opportunistic fungal infection that is observed almost exclusively in immunodeficient patients, especially those with AIDS. Immunocompetent individuals that suffer from histoplasmosi...

    Authors: Biwei Yang, Lixia Lu, Dajiang Li, Li Liu, Libin Huang, Liyu Chen, Hong Tang and Lichun Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:143
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  49. Acinetobacter baumannii hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is associated with a high mortality worldwide. Non-ventilated patients with HAP (NVHAP) caused by nosocomial pathogens are reported to have a more favora...

    Authors: Ya-Sung Yang, Yi-Tzu Lee, Tsai-Wang Huang, Jun-Ren Sun, Shu-Chen Kuo, Chin-Hsuan Yang, Te-Li Chen, Jung-Chung Lin, Chang-Phone Fung and Feng-Yee Chang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:142
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Lower limb cellulitis and deep vein thrombosis share clinical features and investigation of patients with cellulitis for concurrent DVT is common. The prevalence of DVT in this group is uncertain. This study a...

    Authors: Michael J Maze, Sean Skea, Alan Pithie, Sarah Metcalf, John F Pearson and Stephen T Chambers
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:141
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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