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  1. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity among Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex circulating in patients with no known risk factors for multi-drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) living i...

    Authors: Francesca Barletta, Larissa Otero, Jimena Collantes, Belisa Asto, Bouke C de Jong, Carlos Seas and Leen Rigouts
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:397
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Adherence is one of the most important determinants of viral suppression and drug resistance in HIV-infected people receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART).

    Authors: Sylvia Kiwuwa-Muyingo, Hannu Oja, Ann Sarah Walker, Pauliina Ilmonen, Jonathan Levin, Ivan Mambule, Andrew Reid, Peter Mugyenyi and Jim Todd
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:395
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV), characterized by increased levels of serum HBV DNA, abnormal liver function and hepatic failure, is a frequent complication of immunosuppressive therapy and chemotherap...

    Authors: Wenjun Du, Zhaomin Zheng, Shaolei Han, Shumin Ma and Shijun Chen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:394
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  4. Bacterial meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae leads to death in up to 30% of patients and leaves up to half of the survivors with neurological sequelae. The inflammatory host reaction initiates the indu...

    Authors: Denise C Zysset-Burri, Caroline L Bellac, Stephen L Leib and Matthias Wittwer
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:393
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Young children exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis have a high risk of disease progression following infection. This study aimed to determine risk factors for M. tuberculosis infection and disease in children f...

    Authors: James A Seddon, Anneke C Hesseling, Peter Godfrey-Faussett, Katherine Fielding and H Simon Schaaf
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:392
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Interruption of measles transmission was achieved in Catalonia (Spain) in 2000. Six years later, a measles outbreak occurred between August 2006 and June 2007 with 381 cases, 11 of whom were health care worker...

    Authors: Luis Urbiztondo, Eva Borràs, Josep Costa, Sonia Broner, Magda Campins, José María Bayas, María Esteve and Angela Domínguez
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:391
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Despite increases in HIV testing, only a fraction of people newly diagnosed with HIV infection enter the care system and initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) in South Africa. We report on the design and initi...

    Authors: Ingrid V Bassett, Janet Giddy, Christine E Chaisson, Douglas Ross, Laura M Bogart, Sharon M Coleman, Tessa Govender, Marion Robine, Alison Erlwanger, Kenneth A Freedberg, Jeffrey N Katz, Rochelle P Walensky and Elena Losina
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:390
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  8. Blastocystis sp. are among the most commonly observed intestinal parasites in routine clinical parasitology. Blastocystis in humans consists of at least 9 genetic subtypes. Different subtypes of Blastocystis may...

    Authors: Aldert Bart, Ellen MS Wentink-Bonnema, Henk Gilis, Nienke Verhaar, Carla JA Wassenaar, Michèle van Vugt, Abraham Goorhuis and Tom van Gool
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:389
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. There are no accurate data regarding the real prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Spain. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of C. trachomatis infections and the risk factors for acquiring them a...

    Authors: Carlos Fernández-Benítez, Patricia Mejuto-López, Luis Otero-Guerra, Mario Juan Margolles-Martins, Pilar Suárez-Leiva and Fernando Vazquez
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:388
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Early and rapid detection of dengue virus (DENV) infection during the febrile period is crucial for proper patient management and prevention of disease spread. An easy to perform and highly sensitive method is...

    Authors: Boon-Teong Teoh, Sing-Sin Sam, Kim-Kee Tan, Jefree Johari, Mohammed Bashar Danlami, Poh-Sim Hooi, Rafi Md-Esa and Sazaly AbuBakar
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:387
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. With the remarkable increase of microbial and viral sequence data obtained from high-throughput DNA sequencers, novel tools are needed for comprehensive analysis of the big sequence data. We have developed “Ba...

    Authors: Yuki Iwasaki, Takashi Abe, Yoshiko Wada, Kennosuke Wada and Toshimichi Ikemura
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:386
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Escherichia coli is a major human pathogen, both in community and healthcare settings. To date however, relatively few studies have defined the population burden of E. coli bloodstream infections. Such informati...

    Authors: Deborah A Williamson, Alwin Lim, Siouxsie Wiles, Sally A Roberts and Joshua T Freeman
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:385
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Australia uses acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance to monitor its polio-free status. The World Health Organization criterion for a sensitive AFP surveillance system is the annual detection of at least o...

    Authors: Linda K Hobday, Bruce R Thorley, Janet Alexander, Thomas Aitken, Peter D Massey, Michelle Cretikos, Anthony Slater and David N Durrheim
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:384
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. To clarify the molecular mechanisms that participate in the severe hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) infected by Enterovirus 71 and to detect any related protein biomarkers, we performed proteomic analysis o...

    Authors: Li Deng, Hong-Ling Jia, Chao-Wu Liu, Yu-Fen Xu, Li-Jia Mao, Chun-Hui He, Gen-Quan Yin, Jun-Hong Lin, Jian-Ping Tao and Li Zhu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:383
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has produced significant changes in mortality of HIV-infected persons. Our objective was to estimate mortality rates, standardized mortality ratios and excess mortalit...

    Authors: Victoria Hernando, Belen Alejos, Susana Monge, Juan Berenguer, Lourdes Anta, David Vinuesa, Rosario Palacios, Roberto Muga, Santiago Moreno and Inma Jarrin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:382
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Fournier’s gangrene is a rare necrotizing soft tissue infection of the scrotum and penis. We report, to our knowledge, the first case of Fournier’s gangrene caused by Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis

    Authors: Ram V Anantha, Katherine J Kasper, Kelcey G Patterson, Joseph J Zeppa, Johan Delport and John K McCormick
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:381
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  17. Data regarding the most efficacious and least toxic schedules for the use of colistin are scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and the potential risk factors of colistin-associated neph...

    Authors: Luisa Sorlí, Sonia Luque, Santiago Grau, Núria Berenguer, Concepción Segura, María Milagro Montero, Francisco Álvarez-Lerma, Hernando Knobel, Natividad Benito and Juan P Horcajada
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:380
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Chlamydia trachomatis is the most commonly diagnosed bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the developed world and diagnosis rates have increased dramatically over the last decade. Repeat infections of chl...

    Authors: Jane S Hocking, Lenka A Vodstrcil, Wilhelmina M Huston, Peter Timms, Marcus Y Chen, Karen Worthington, Ruthy McIver and Sepehr N Tabrizi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:379
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  19. Worldwide, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women. High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) play a crucial role in the etiology of cervical cancer and the most prevalent genotype is HPV16. HPV 1...

    Authors: Zineb Qmichou, Meriem Khyatti, Mohamed Berraho, My Mustapha Ennaji, Laila Benbacer, Chakib Nejjari, Noureddine Benjaafar, Abdellatif Benider, Mohammed Attaleb and Mohammed El Mzibri
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:378
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Recent sepsis guidelines have focused on the early identification and risk stratification of patients on presentation. Obesity is associated with alterations in multiple inflammatory regulators similar to chan...

    Authors: Ethan F Kuperman, John W Showalter, Erik B Lehman, Amy E Leib and Jennifer L Kraschnewski
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:377
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea in hospitalized patients. Its epidemiology has shifted in recent years from almost exclusively infecting elderly patients in whom the gut microbi...

    Authors: Laith Yakob, Thomas V Riley, David L Paterson and Archie CA Clements
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:376
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. High seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 (B19V) coinfection with Plasmodium falciparum has been previously reported. However, the impact of B19V-infection on the clinical course of malaria is still elusive. In this ...

    Authors: Nguyen L Toan, Bui T Sy, Le H Song, Hoang V Luong, Nguyen T Binh, Vu Q Binh, Reinhard Kandolf, Thirumalaisamy P Velavan, Peter G Kremsner and C-Thomas Bock
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:375
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. The prevalence of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the Italian correctional population is estimated to be around 38%. In this setting HCV infection treatment is controversial because of several fac...

    Authors: Fabio Iacomi, Giuseppina Iannicelli, Andrea Franceschini, Paolo Migliorisi, Silvia Rosati, Pierluca Piselli, Paola Scognamiglio, Gabriella De Carli, Sonia Marcellini and Fabrizio Palmieri
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:374
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Mucosal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a necessary cause of cervical cancer. Vaccine and non-vaccine genotype prevalences may change after vaccine introduction. Therefore, it appears essential to rank...

    Authors: Erik Bernard, Margarita Pons-Salort, Michel Favre, Isabelle Heard, Elisabeth Delarocque-Astagneau, Didier Guillemot and Anne CM Thiébaut
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:373
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. HIV infection is a risk factor for the development of Herpes zoster (HZ) and its complications. Prior to antiretroviral therapy (ART), HZ incidence in HIV-infected individuals ranged from 2.9–5.1/100 person-ye...

    Authors: Klaus Jansen, Burkhard Haastert, Claudia Michalik, Adrienne Guignard, Stefan Esser, Stephan Dupke, Andreas Plettenberg, Adriane Skaletz-Rorowski and Norbert H Brockmeyer
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:372
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Legionella pneumophila (Lp) flagellin activates signaling pathways in murine macrophages that control Lp replication. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) containing-like receptor (NLR) family, caspas...

    Authors: William R Berrington, Kelly D Smith, Shawn J Skerrett and Thomas R Hawn
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:371
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is recognized as an important cause of not only hospital acquired pneumonia, but also non-nosocomial pneumonia. However, the risk factors for non-nosocomial MRSA...

    Authors: Won Jai Jung, Young Ae Kang, Moo Suk Park, Seon Cheol Park, Ah Young Leem, Eun Young Kim, Kyung Soo Chung, Young Sam Kim, Se Kyu Kim, Joon Chang and Ji Ye Jung
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:370
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Mayaro virus is endemic in South America and sporadic outbreaks have been described. It causes a dengue-like febrile illness accompanied by severe and long-lasting polyarthralgias. Outside endemic regions, how...

    Authors: Christian Theilacker, Jürgen Held, Ludger Allering, Petra Emmerich, Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit, Winfried V Kern and Marcus Panning
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:369
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  29. Increasing virulence of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne zoonotic pathogen is of grave concern because it causes a neurotrophic killer disease Japanese Encephalitis (JE) which, in turn, is r...

    Authors: Arindam Sarkar, Avishek Banik, Bani K Pathak, Subhra K Mukhopadhyay and Shyamalendu Chatterjee
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:368
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. The emergency department (ED) represents an environment with a high density of invasive, and thus, infection-prone procedures. The two primary goals of this study were (1) to define the number of hand-rubs nee...

    Authors: Simone Scheithauer, Vanessa Kamerseder, Peter Petersen, Jörg Christian Brokmann, Luis-Alberto Lopez-Gonzalez, Carsten Mach, Roland Schulze-Röbbecke and Sebastian W Lemmen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:367
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Cholera has been endemic in Douala, since 1971 when it was first recorded in Cameroon. Outbreaks have often started in slum areas of the city including New Bell. Despite the devastating nature of outbreaks, al...

    Authors: Jane-Francis Tatah Kihla Akoachere, Thomas Njinuwoh Masalla and Henry Akum Njom
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:366
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. The need for mandatory confirmation of negative conversion in Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia (KpB) has not been adequately addressed. We conducted a retrospective case–control study of adult patients with KpB o...

    Authors: Chang Kyung Kang, Eu Suk Kim, Kyoung-Ho Song, Hong Bin Kim, Taek Soo Kim, Nak-Hyun Kim, Chung-Jong Kim, Pyoeng Gyun Choe, Ji-Hwan Bang, Wan Beom Park, Kyoung Un Park, Sang Won Park, Nam-Joong Kim, Eui-Chong Kim and Myoung-don Oh
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:365
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. The present study aimed to characterize Mycobacterium tuberculosis population structure and to identify transmission chains and risk factors by prospective molecular typing in conjunction with conventional epidem...

    Authors: Séverine Ferdinand, Julie Millet, Annick Accipe, Sylvie Cassadou, Pascal Chaud, Maryse Levy, Max Théodore and Nalin Rastogi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:364
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. The conjugate vaccine against serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis (NmA), MenAfriVac, was first introduced in mass vaccination campaigns of the 1-29-year-olds in Burkina Faso in 2010. The aim of this study was to g...

    Authors: Paul A Kristiansen, Absatou Ky Ba, Idrissa Sanou, Abdoul-Salam Ouédraogo, Rasmata Ouédraogo, Lassana Sangaré, Fabien Diomandé, Denis Kandolo, Jennifer Dolan Thomas, Thomas A Clark, Marc LaForce and Dominique A Caugant
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:363
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Countries of the Americas have been working towards rubella elimination since 2003 and endemic rubella virus transmission appears to have been interrupted since 2009. To contribute towards monitoring of rubell...

    Authors: Gillian H Lim, Tara Harris, Shalini Desai, Natasha S Crowcroft, Tony Mazzulli, Tina Kozlowski and Shelley L Deeks
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:362
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. High school based chlamydia screening has been shown to increase uptake and detect hidden infections among sexually active adolescents. Our study aimed to: i) examine the proportions of 15–20 year-olds tested ...

    Authors: Kirsten Gravningen, Gunnar Skov Simonsen, Anne-Sofie Furberg and Tom Wilsgaard
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:361
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Tuberculosis infection control (TBIC) is rarely implemented in the health facilities in resource limited settings. Understanding the reasons for low level of implementation is critical. The study aim was to as...

    Authors: Esther Buregyeya, Fred Nuwaha, Suzanne Verver, Bart Criel, Robert Colebunders, Rhoda Wanyenze, Joan N Kalyango, Achilles Katamba and Ellen MH Mitchell
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:360
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Necrotizing pneumonia attributed to Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive Staphylococcus aureus has mainly been reported in otherwise healthy children and young adults, with a high mortality rate. Erythroderma, ai...

    Authors: Nagham Khanafer, Nicolas Sicot, Philippe Vanhems, Oana Dumitrescu, Vanina Meyssonier, Anne Tristan, Michèle Bès, Gérard Lina, François Vandenesch, Yves Gillet and Jérôme Etienne
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:359
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Inflammasomes are multi-protein intracellular signaling complexes that have recently been hypothesized to play a role in the regulation of the inflammation response. We studied associations between inflammasom...

    Authors: Madelijn Geldhoff, Barry B Mook-Kanamori, Matthijs C Brouwer, Dirk Troost, Jaklien C Leemans, Richard A Flavell, Arie Van der Ende, Tom Van der Poll and Diederik Van de Beek
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:358
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a serious cause of morbidity among children in developed countries. The real impact of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) on pneumococcal pneumonia is difficul...

    Authors: Hélène Chappuy, Kristina Keitel, Mario Gehri, René Tabin, Lynda Robitaille, Frederic Raymond, Jacques Corbeil, Veronica Maspoli, Naim Bouazza, Gabriel Alcoba, Laurence Lacroix, Sergio Manzano, Annick Galetto-Lacour and Alain Gervaix
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:357
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. The use of quinolone prophylaxis in high-risk neutropenic patients is considered standard of care but the development of resistance is a concern. Previous studies have focused mainly on quinolone resistance am...

    Authors: Marcia Garnica, Simone A Nouér, Flávia LPC Pellegrino, Beatriz M Moreira, Angelo Maiolino and Marcio Nucci
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:356
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. The objective of this study was to describe aetiology and case fatality of fever among inpatients in a tertiary care hospital in South India.

    Authors: Siri Kratter Abrahamsen, Cathrine Nødtvedt Haugen, Priscilla Rupali, Dilip Mathai, Nina Langeland, Geir Egil Eide and Kristine Mørch
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:355
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Shigellosis is rare in Taiwan, with an average annual incidence rate of 1.68 cases per 100,000 persons in 2000–2007. However, the incidence rate for a mountainous township in eastern Taiwan, Zhuoxi, is 60.2 ti...

    Authors: Ching-Fen Ko, Nien-Tsung Lin, Chien-Shun Chiou, Li-Yu Wang, Ming-Ching Liu, Chiou-Ying Yang and Yeong-Sheng Lee
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:354
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Invasive candidiasis is an important nosocomial infection associated with high mortality among immunosuppressive or critically ill patients. We described the incidence of invasive candidiasis in our hospital o...

    Authors: Fang Li, Lin Wu, Bin Cao, Yuyu Zhang, Xiaoli Li and Yingmei Liu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:353
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. The World Health Organization has endorsed the use of molecular methods for the detection of TB and drug-resistant TB as a rapid alternative to culture-based systems. In South Africa, the Xpert MTB/Rif assay a...

    Authors: Maunank Shah, Violet Chihota, Gerrit Coetzee, Gavin Churchyard and Susan E Dorman
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:352
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. To control tuberculosis (TB), it is critical to identify at risk populations. Schizophrenia is recognized as an important risk factor for TB. However, previous studies have been confounded by comorbidities, an...

    Authors: Shu-Chen Kuo, Yung-Tai Chen, Szu-Yuan Li, Yi-Tzu Lee, Albert C Yang, Te-Li Chen, Chia-Jen Liu, Tzeng-Ji Chen, Ih-Jen Su and Chang-Phone Fung
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:351
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Dengue cases have been classified according to disease severity into dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Although DF is considered a non-severe manifestation of dengue, it has been recently d...

    Authors: Fernanda A Orsi, Rodrigo N Angerami, Bruna M Mazetto, Susan KP Quaino, Fernanda Santiago-Bassora, Vagner Castro, Erich V de Paula and Joyce M Annichino-Bizzacchi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:350
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. The world health organization (WHO) declared tuberculosis (TB) a global emergency, mainly affecting people in sub-Saharan Africa. However there is little data about the burden of TB among adolescents. We estim...

    Authors: James Waako, Suzanne Verver, Anne Wajja, Willy Ssengooba, Moses L Joloba, Robert Colebunders, Philippa Musoke and Harriet Mayanja-Kizza
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:349
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Improved influenza vaccines are needed to reduce influenza-associated complications in older adults. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal formulation of adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine for u...

    Authors: Hans C Rümke, Jan Hendrik Richardus, Lars Rombo, Karlis Pauksens, Georg Plaßmann, Christelle Durand, Jeanne-Marie Devaster, Walthère Dewé and Lidia Oostvogels
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:348
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Syphilis has been referred to as “the great imitator” due to its ability to imitate other diseases. Untreated syphilis becomes a systemic infection that can involve almost every organ systems. Treponema pallidum ...

    Authors: Thilde Fabricius, Charlotte Winther, Caroline Ewertsen, Michael Kemp and Susanne Dam Nielsen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:347
    Content type: Case report Published on:

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