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  1. The transmission through contacts among MSM (men who have sex with men) is one of the dominating contributors to HIV prevalence in industrialized countries. In Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands, the MS...

    Authors: Shan Mei, Rick Quax, David van de Vijver, Yifan Zhu and P M A Sloot
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:118
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. The primary strategy to interrupt transmission of wild poliovirus in India is to improve supplemental immunization activities and routine immunization coverage in priority districts with a focus on 107 high-ri...

    Authors: William M Weiss, MH Rahman, Roma Solomon, Vibha Singh and Dora Ward
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:117
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Epidemiological studies worldwide have shown that A. fumigatus exhibits important phenotypic and genotypic diversity, and these findings have been of great importance in improving the diagnosis and treatment of d...

    Authors: María Guadalupe Frías-De León, Monserrat Zavala-Ramírez, Susana Córdoba, Gerardo Zúñiga, Esperanza Duarte-Escalante, Armando Pérez-Torres, Armando Zepeda-Rodríguez, Irma López-Martínez, María José Buitrago and María del Rocío Reyes-Montes
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:116
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Simulation models of influenza spread play an important role for pandemic preparedness. However, as the world has not faced a severe pandemic for decades, except the rather mild H1N1 one in 2009, pandemic infl...

    Authors: Timo Smieszek, Michael Balmer, Jan Hattendorf, Kay W Axhausen, Jakob Zinsstag and Roland W Scholz
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:115
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Infective endocarditis is rarely caused by Burkholderia cepacia. This infection is known to occur particularly in immunocompromised hosts, intravenous heroin users, and in patients with prosthetic valve replaceme...

    Authors: Hyun Kyun Ki, Sung Hea Kim, Seong Woo Han and Hae Suk Cheong
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:114
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  6. In areas where both tuberculosis (TB) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are prevalent, descriptive studies of the clinical features of individual mycobacteria are needed to inform clinical triage.

    Authors: Gowri Satyanarayana, Scott K Heysell, Kenneth W Scully and Eric R Houpt
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:113
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Proadrenomedullin (ProADM) confers additional prognostic information to established clinical risk scores in lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). We aimed to derive a practical algorithm combining the CUR...

    Authors: Werner C Albrich, Frank Dusemund, Kristina Rüegger, Mirjam Christ-Crain, Werner Zimmerli, Thomas Bregenzer, Sarosh Irani, Ulrich Buergi, Barbara Reutlinger, Beat Mueller and Philipp Schuetz
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:112
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. The classical spoligotyping technique, relying on membrane reverse line-blot hybridization of the spacers of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis CRISPR locus, is used world-wide (598 references in Pubmed on April 8th,...

    Authors: Edgar Abadia, Jian Zhang, Viviana Ritacco, Kristin Kremer, Raymond Ruimy, Leen Rigouts, Harrison Magdinier Gomes, Atiná Ribeiro Elias, Maryse Fauville-Dufaux, Karolien Stoffels, Voahangy Rasolofo-Razanamparany, Darío Garcia de Viedma, Marta Herranz, Sahal Al-Hajoj, Nalin Rastogi, Carlo Garzelli…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:110
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Extensive drug resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii is a serious problem in the clinical setting. It is therefore important to find active antibiotic combinations that could be effective in the treatment of infe...

    Authors: Wang Liang, Xiao-fang Liu, Jun Huang, De-mei Zhu, Jian Li and Jing Zhang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:109
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae C-polysaccharide in urine is a useful rapid diagnostic test for pneumococcal infections in adults. In young children, high rates of false positive results have been documente...

    Authors: Paul Turner, Claudia Turner, Napaphat Kaewcharernnet, Naw Yi Mon, David Goldblatt and François Nosten
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:108
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of a whole-blood interferon-gamma release assay in inpatients who were admitted to the emergency department (ED) with pulmonary infiltrates who required a d...

    Authors: Yoon Jee Lee, Jaehee Lee, Yi Young Kim, Dong Il Won, Seung Ick Cha, Jae Yong Park, Tae Hoon Jung and Chang Ho Kim
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:107
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. In view of the long term discussion on the appropriateness of the dengue classification into dengue fever (DF), dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS), the World Health Organization (W...

    Authors: Judit Barniol, Roger Gaczkowski, Eliana Vega Barbato, Rivaldo V da Cunha, Doris Salgado, Eric Martínez, Carmita Soria Segarra, Ernesto B Pleites Sandoval, Ajay Mishra, Ida Safitri Laksono, Lucy CS Lum, José G Martínez, Andrea Núnez, Angel Balsameda, Ivan Allende, Gladys Ramírez…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:106
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Seasonal respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) epidemics occur annually in temperate climates and result in significant pediatric morbidity and increased health care costs. Although RSV epidemics generally occur b...

    Authors: Molly Leecaster, Per Gesteland, Tom Greene, Nephi Walton, Adi Gundlapalli, Robert Rolfs, Carrie Byington and Matthew Samore
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:105
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. The pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus emerged during 2009 and has spread worldwide. This virus can cause injuries to the lungs, liver, and heart. However, data regarding whether this influenza virus can affect...

    Authors: Wei Wang, Hong Chen, Qiang Li, Bo Qiu, Jiajun Wang, Xiwen Sun, Ying Xiang and Jinchao Zhang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:104
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. The role of chronic renal failure (CRF) in the antimicrobial resistance of uropathogens in patients with community-acquired acute pyelonephritis (APN) remains poorly understood.

    Authors: Yeon Soon Jung, Ho Sik Shin and Hark Rim
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:102
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Ureaplasmas are among the most common bacteria isolated from the human urogenital tract. Ureaplasmas can produce asymptomatic infections or disease characterized by an exaggerated inflammatory response. Most inv...

    Authors: Ayman B Allam, Sophie Alvarez, Mary B Brown and Leticia Reyes
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:101
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage represents an important biological marker for monitoring pneumococcal serotype distribution and evaluating vaccine effects. Serotype determination by conventional method (Q...

    Authors: Sarah Jourdain, Pierre-Alexandre Drèze, Jozef Vandeven, Jan Verhaegen, Laurence Van Melderen and Pierre R Smeesters
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:100
    Content type: Technical advance Published on:

  20. The overall volume of antibiotic consumption in the community is one of the foremost causes of antimicrobial resistance. There is much ad-hoc information about the inappropriate consumption of antibiotics, ove...

    Authors: Anita Kotwani and Kathleen Holloway
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:99
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Data on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in remote rural African regions is increasing.

    Authors: Erik Mossdorf, Marcel Stoeckle, Emmanuel G Mwaigomole, Evarist Chiweka, Patience L Kibatala, Eveline Geubbels, Honoraty Urassa, Salim Abdulla, Luigia Elzi, Marcel Tanner, Hansjakob Furrer, Christoph Hatz and Manuel Battegay
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:98
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. In the Netherlands, from 2007 to 2009, 3,522 Q-fever cases were notified from three outbreaks. These are the largest documented outbreaks in the world. Previous studies suggest that symptoms can persist for a ...

    Authors: Gabriëlla Morroy, Jeannette B Peters, Malou van Nieuwenhof, Hans HJ Bor, Jeannine LA Hautvast, Wim van der Hoek, Clementine J Wijkmans and Jan H Vercoulen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:97
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. The roles of the tuberculin skin test (TST) and QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube assay (QFT-IT) in the diagnosis of active tuberculosis (TB) are not clear in young adults. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the ...

    Authors: Ji Eun Lee, Hee-Jin Kim and Sei Won Lee
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:96
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. After the implementation of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7), in several countries, serotype 19A is now the serotype most frequently involved in pneumococcal diseases and carriage. To determine f...

    Authors: Robert Cohen, Corinne Levy, Eric Bonnet, Franck Thollot, Michel Boucherat, Bernard Fritzell, Véronique Derkx, Edouard Bingen and Emmanuelle Varon
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:95
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Data on the levels of resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains to first line anti-tuberculosis drugs in Cameroon, and on the species of MTBC circulating in the country are obsolete. The pic...

    Authors: Jean-Paul Assam-Assam, Veronique B Penlap, Fidelis Cho-Ngwa, Jean-Claude Tedom, Irene Ane-Anyangwe and Vincent P Titanji
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:94
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Outbreaks of hepatitis E frequently occur in tropical developing countries during the rainy season due to overflowing drains, short-circuiting of networks of clean water and use of contaminated water from well...

    Authors: Alice I Goumba, Xavier Konamna and Narcisse P Komas
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:93
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. The swine influenza H1N1 first identified in Mexico, spread rapidly across the globe and is considered the fastest moving pandemic in history. The early phase of an outbreak, in which data is relatively scarce...

    Authors: Uri Roll, Rami Yaari, Guy Katriel, Oren Barnea, Lewi Stone, Ella Mendelson, Michal Mandelboim and Amit Huppert
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:92
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Airborne fungi play an important role in causing allergy and infections in susceptible people. Identification of these fungi, based on morphological characteristics, is time-consuming, expertise-demanding, and...

    Authors: Wen-Tsung Hung, Shu-Li Su, Lin-Yi Shiu and Tsung C Chang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:91
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. As many respiratory viruses are responsible for influenza like symptoms, accurate measures of the disease burden are not available and estimates are generally based on statistical methods. The objective of thi...

    Authors: Dena L Schanzer, Hui Zheng and Jason Gilmore
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:90
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. There is little information concerning community-based prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) using T-cell based interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release assays (IGRAs), particularly in TB endemic settings. In...

    Authors: Mengistu Legesse, Gobena Ameni, Gezahegne Mamo, Girmay Medhin, Gunnar Bjune and Fekadu Abebe
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:89
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Blood transfusion is one of the most common transmission pathways of hepatitis C virus (HCV). This paper aims to provide a comprehensive and reliable tabulation of available data on the epidemiological charact...

    Authors: Xiaofei Gao, Qian Cui, Xiang Shi, Jing Su, Zhihang Peng, Xin Chen, Na Lei, Keqin Ding, Lu Wang, Rongbin Yu and Ning Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:88
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Health care workers' (HCWs) influenza vaccination attitude is known to be negative. The H1N1 epidemic had started in mid 2009 and made a peak in October-November in Turkey. A national vaccination campaign bega...

    Authors: Bilgin Arda, Raika Durusoy, Tansu Yamazhan, Oğuz Reşat Sipahi, Meltem Taşbakan, Hüsnü Pullukçu, Esra Erdem and Sercan Ulusoy
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:87
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Barriers to HIV treatment among injection drug users (IDU) are a major public health concern. However, there remain few long-term studies investigating key demographic and behavioral factors - and gender diffe...

    Authors: Christine Tapp, M-J Milloy, Thomas Kerr, Ruth Zhang, Silvia Guillemi, Robert S Hogg, Julio Montaner and Evan Wood
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:86
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. In the Netherlands, incidence of physician's consultations and hospitalizations for varicella is low compared to other countries. Better knowledge about the severity of varicella among Dutch hospitalized patie...

    Authors: Alies van Lier, Nicoline AT van der Maas, Gerwin D Rodenburg, Elisabeth AM Sanders and Hester E de Melker
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:85
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. This study prospectively assessed the occurrence of clinical and subclinical schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, filariasis, and toxocariasis, and the screening value of eosinophilia in adult short-term travele...

    Authors: Gijs G Baaten, Gerard J Sonder, Tom van Gool, Joan A Kint and Anneke van den Hoek
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:84
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. The prevalence of asthma and atopic disease has been reported to be low in low income countries, however helminth infections are likely to be high among these communities. The question of whether helminth infe...

    Authors: Firdaus Hamid, Aprilianto E Wiria, Linda J Wammes, Maria MM Kaisar, Bertrand Lell, Iwan Ariawan, Hae Won Uh, Heri Wibowo, Yenny Djuardi, Sitti Wahyuni, Robert Schot, Jaco J Verweij, Ronald van Ree, Linda May, Erliyani Sartono, Maria Yazdanbakhsh…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:83
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  37. Anisakiasis is an important fish-borne zoonosis provoked by larval stages of nematodes belonging to the genus Anisakis. The detection and identification of human infections is difficult. This is due to: a) the lo...

    Authors: Simonetta Mattiucci, Michela Paoletti, Francesco Borrini, Massimo Palumbo, Raffaele Macarone Palmieri, Vincenzo Gomes, Alessandra Casati and Giuseppe Nascetti
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:82
    Content type: Technical advance Published on:

  38. Determination of the prevalence and drug susceptibility of the M. tuberculosis strains is important in tuberculosis control. We determined the genetic diversity and susceptibility profiles of mycobacteria isolate...

    Authors: Joel Bazira, Benon B Asiimwe, Moses L Joloba, Freddie Bwanga and Mecky I Matee
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:81
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Hospital strains of Enterococcus faecium could be characterized and typed by various molecular methods (MLST, AFLP, MLVA) and allocated to a distinct clonal complex known as MLST CC17. However, these techniques a...

    Authors: Guido Werner, Carola Fleige, Uta Geringer, Willem van Schaik, Ingo Klare and Wolfgang Witte
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:80
    Content type: Technical advance Published on:

  40. Scrub typhus, a mite-transmitted zoonosis caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, is an endemic disease in Taiwan and may be potentially fatal if diagnosis is delayed.

    Authors: Bor-Jen Lee, Chia-Yi Chen, Sung-Yuan Hu, Yu-Tse Tsan, Tzu-Chieh Lin and Lee-Min Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:79
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  41. This study aimed to analyze the association of mutation patterns in gyrA and gyrB genes and the ofloxacin resistance levels in clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates sampled in 2009 from East China.

    Authors: Zhenling Cui, Jie Wang, Junmei Lu, Xiaochen Huang and Zhongyi Hu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:78
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. A persistent increase of tuberculosis cases has recently been noted in the Ukraine. The reported incidence of drug-resistant isolates of M. tuberculosis is growing steadily; however, data on the genetic variation...

    Authors: Maya A Dymova, Oleksander O Liashenko, Petro I Poteiko, Valeriy S Krutko, Eugeny A Khrapov and Maxim L Filipenko
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:77
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. The number of patients with non-HIV Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is increasing with widespread immunosuppressive treatment. We investigated the clinical characteristics of non-HIV PCP and its association with mic...

    Authors: Yasufumi Matsumura, Yuichiro Shindo, Yoshitsugu Iinuma, Masaki Yamamoto, Michinori Shirano, Aki Matsushima, Miki Nagao, Yutaka Ito, Shunji Takakura, Yoshinori Hasegawa and Satoshi Ichiyama
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:76
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. The main objective of this study was to describe the patients who were hospitalised at Oslo University Hospital Aker during the first wave of pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) in Norway.

    Authors: Bjorn J Brandsaeter, Magnus Pillgram, Dag Berild, Harald Kjekshus, Anne-Marte B Kran and Bente M Bergersen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:75
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is known to be involved in the resolution of pulmonary inflammation and repair of acute lung injury. Legionella pneumonia is sometimes complicated by acute lung injury. Our study ai...

    Authors: Futoshi Higa, Morikazu Akamine, Makoto Furugen, Kenji Hibiya, Michio Koide, Maki Tamayose, Yuichiro Tamaki, Syusaku Haranaga, Noriko Arakaki, Satomi Yara, Masao Tateyama and Jiro Fujita
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:74
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Human papillomavirus is responsible for a variety of diseases including grade 2 and 3 vulvar and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. The aim of this study was to assess parts of the burden of the last diseases ...

    Authors: Monika Hampl, Eduard Huppertz, Olaf Schulz-Holstege, Patrick Kok and Sarah Schmitter
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:73
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Prevalence of both cervical cancer and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection are very high in India. Natural history of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection is known to be altered in HIV positive women...

    Authors: Kamalesh Sarkar, Reshmi Pal, Baishali Bal, Bibhuti Saha, Subhasish Bhattacharya, Sharmila Sengupta, Partha Pratim Mazumdar and Shekhar Chakraborti
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:72
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Biological parameters are useful tools for understanding and monitoring complicated disease processes. In this study, we attempted to identify proteins associated with active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) using ...

    Authors: Takahiro Tanaka, Shinsaku Sakurada, Keiko Kano, Eri Takahashi, Kazuki Yasuda, Hisashi Hirano, Yasushi Kaburagi, Nobuyuki Kobayashi, Nguyen Thi Le Hang, Luu Thi Lien, Ikumi Matsushita, Minako Hijikata, Takafumi Uchida and Naoto Keicho
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:71
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is an important re-emerging sexually transmitted infection which is reported to affect particularly HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM). The aim of this study is to quan...

    Authors: Minttu M Rönn and Helen Ward
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:70
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) has two types: HSV-1 and HSV-2. Both infect epithelial cells and establish latent infections in neurons causing an infection that persists for life. Information on age- and gender-sp...

    Authors: Haijiang Lin, Na He, Meifang Su, Jifu Feng, Li Chen and Meiyang Gao
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:69
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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