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  1. Hospitalized patients are at increased risk for candidemia and invasive candidiasis (C/IC). Improved therapeutic regimens with enhanced clinical and pharmacoeconomic outcomes utilizing existing antifungal agen...

    Authors: Jose Vazquez, Annette C Reboli, Peter G Pappas, Thomas F Patterson, John Reinhardt, Peter Chin-Hong, Ellis Tobin, Daniel H Kett, Pinaki Biswas and Robert Swanson
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:97
  2. In China, high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) prevalence is unexpectedly high in older women, but the possible reasons have not been well studied yet. This study investigated the age trends of HR-HPV infec...

    Authors: Le-Ni Kang, Philip E Castle, Fang-Hui Zhao, Jose Jeronimo, Feng Chen, Pooja Bansil, Jing Li, Wen Chen, Xun Zhang and You-Lin Qiao
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:96
  3. The incidence and characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) in remote areas of Papua New Guinea (PNG) are largely unknown. The purpose of our study was to determine the incidence of TB in the Gulf Province of PNG a...

    Authors: Gail B Cross, Katie Coles, Mandana Nikpour, Owen A Moore, Justin Denholm, Emma S McBryde, Damon P Eisen, Beverlyn Warigi, Robyn Carter, Sushil Pandey, Paul Harino, Peter Siba, Christopher Coulter, Ivo Mueller, Suparat Phuanukoonnon and Marc Pellegrini
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:93
  4. Children are highly susceptible to tuberculosis; thus, there is need for safe and effective preventive interventions. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of isoniazid in prevention of tuberculosis morbi...

    Authors: James Ayieko, Lisa Abuogi, Brett Simchowitz, Elizabeth A Bukusi, Allan H Smith and Arthur Reingold
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:91
  5. Since 2010, World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines discourage using stavudine in first-line regimens due to frequent and severe side effects. This study describes the implementation of this recommendation ...

    Authors: Fabian Christoph Franzeck, Emilio Letang, Geoffrey Mwaigomole, Boniphace Jullu, Tracy R Glass, Daniel Nyogea, Christoph Hatz, Marcel Tanner and Manuel Battegay
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:90
  6. Routine tuberculosis culture remains unavailable in many high-burden areas, including Tanzania. This study sought to determine the impact of providing mycobacterial culture results over standard of care [uncon...

    Authors: Elizabeth A Reddy, Boniface N Njau, Susan C Morpeth, Kathryn E Lancaster, Alison C Tribble, Venance P Maro, Levina J Msuya, Anne B Morrissey, Gibson S Kibiki, Nathan M Thielman, Coleen K Cunningham, Werner Schimana, John F Shao, Shein-Chung Chow, Jason E Stout, John A Crump…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:89
  7. Estimates of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence in a population prior to and after HPV vaccine introduction are essential to evaluate the short-term impact of vaccination.

    Authors: Yvonne Deleré, Cornelius Remschmidt, Josefine Leuschner, Melanie Schuster, Michaela Fesenfeld, Achim Schneider, Ole Wichmann and Andreas M Kaufmann
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:87
  8. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels are crucial for managing chronic hepatitis B (CHB). It was unclear whether Daan real-time polymerase chain reaction test (Daan test) or COBAS TaqMan HBV DNA Test (Cobas TaqMa...

    Authors: Shao-hang Cai, Fang-fang Lv, Yong-hong Zhang, Ye-gui Jiang and Jie Peng
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:85
  9. Treatment-naïve patients newly diagnosed with HIV occasionally present with low viral RNA of ≤1’000 copies/ml, raising concerns about viral load underestimation. Because falsely low or undetectable viral loads...

    Authors: Beatrice N Vetter, Cyril Shah, Jon B Huder, Jürg Böni and Jörg Schüpbach
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:84
  10. Humans vary in their susceptibility to acquiring Staphylococcus aureus infection, and research suggests that there is a genetic basis for this variability. Several recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) ha...

    Authors: Charlotte L Nelson, Kimberly Pelak, Mihai V Podgoreanu, Sun Hee Ahn, William K Scott, Andrew S Allen, Lindsay G Cowell, Thomas H Rude, Yurong Zhang, Amy Tong, Felicia Ruffin, Batu K Sharma-Kuinkel and Vance G Fowler, Jr
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:83
  11. In China, caregivers of chronic viral hepatitis patients experience considerable burdens, stress and disruption of their own well-being and social activities. Measurement of the effect on caregivers is an unde...

    Authors: Hong Ren, Yan Yu, Jia-Yu Hu, Yang Shi, Yi-Han Lu and Wei Meng
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:82
  12. Travellers’ diarrhoea (TD) is the most frequent health problem among travellers to the tropics. Using routine techniques, the aetiology mostly remains unresolved, whereas modern molecular methods enable reduci...

    Authors: Tinja Lääveri, Sari H Pakkanen, Jenni Antikainen, Jukka Riutta, Sointu Mero, Juha Kirveskari and Anu Kantele
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:81
  13. Studies indicate that asymptomatic infections do indeed occur frequently for both seasonal and pandemic influenza, accounting for about one-third of influenza infections. Studies carried out during the 2009 pH...

    Authors: Ying-Hen Hsieh, Chen-An Tsai, Chien-Yu Lin, Jin-Hua Chen, Chwan-Chuen King, Day-Yu Chao and Kuang-Fu Cheng
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:80
  14. We evaluated whether immune activation (IA) and microbial translocation (MT) might play a role in accelerating liver disease progression in HIV-HBV/HCV co-infected patients.

    Authors: Giulia Marchetti, Alessandro Cozzi-Lepri, Camilla Tincati, Andrea Calcagno, Francesca Ceccherini-Silberstein, Andrea De Luca, Andrea Antinori, Antonella Castagna, Massimo Puoti and Antonella d’Arminio Monforte
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:79
  15. Giardia duodenalis is a flagellate parasite which has been considered the most common protozoa infecting human worldwide. Molecular characterization of G. duodenalis isolates have revealed the existence of eight...

    Authors: Tengku Shahrul Anuar, Siti Nor Azreen, Fatmah Md Salleh and Norhayati Moktar
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:78
  16. In many GAVI-eligible countries, effectiveness of new vaccines will be evaluated by case-control methodology. To inform the design and assess selection bias of a future case-control study of rotavirus vaccine ...

    Authors: Sammy Khagayi, Jacqueline E Tate, Reuben Onkoba, Umesh Parashar, Frank Odhiambo, Deron Burton, Kayla Laserson and Daniel R Feikin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:77
  17. It is essential to investigate the serotype distribution of pneumococcal diseases in each region and its associated clinical features. This study investigated the annual incidence of invasive pneumococcal dise...

    Authors: Chih-Cheng Lai, Sheng-Hsiang Lin, Chun-Hsing Liao, Wang-Huei Sheng and Po-Ren Hsueh
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:76
  18. Reported associations of male circumcision (MC) with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in men have been inconsistent.

    Authors: Ginesa Albero, Xavier Castellsagué, Hui-Yi Lin, William Fulp, Luisa L Villa, Eduardo Lazcano-Ponce, Mary Papenfuss, Martha Abrahamsen, Jorge Salmerón, Manuel Quiterio, Alan G Nyitray, Beibei Lu, F Xavier Bosch and Anna R Giuliano
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:75
  19. In an attempt to curtail the rising morbidity and mortality from undiagnosed HCV (hepatitis C virus) in the United States, screening guidelines have been expanded to high-risk individuals and persons born 1945...

    Authors: Brianna L Norton, Corrine I Voils, Sarah H Timberlake, Emily J Hecker, Neela D Goswami, Kim M Huffman, Anneka Landgraf, Susanna Naggie and Jason E Stout
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:74
  20. Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Age, sex, prolonged duration of illness, and infection with an antimicrobial resistant organism have been proposed ...

    Authors: Christopher M Parry, Corinne Thompson, Ha Vinh, Nguyen Tran Chinh, Le Thi Phuong, Vo Anh Ho, Tran Tinh Hien, John Wain, Jeremy J Farrar and Stephen Baker
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:73
  21. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is mainly transmitted by parenteral route, being blood transfusion and intravenous drug use the most frequent risk factors. However, it has been suggested that there are other routes of...

    Authors: Francisca Sosa-Jurado, Verónica L Hernández-Galindo, Daniel Meléndez-Mena, Miguel A Mendoza-Torres, Fernando J Martínez-Arroniz, Verónica Vallejo-Ruiz, Julio Reyes-Leyva and Gerardo Santos-López
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:72
  22. In patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) neuropathic symptoms may develop within weeks of starting combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). This timing coincides with the occurrence o...

    Authors: Johan J Van der Watt, Katalin A Wilkinson, Robert J Wilkinson and Jeannine M Heckmann
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:71
  23. Based on their essential role in concerting immunological and inflammatory responses we hypothesized that the homeostatic chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 may play a pathogenic role in rickettsiae infection.

    Authors: Elisabeth Astrup, Trine Ranheim, Jan K Damås, Giovanni Davì, Francesca Santilli, Mogens Jensenius, Giustina Vitale, Pål Aukrust, Juan P Olano and Kari Otterdal
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:70
  24. LLIN distribution, every three years, is a key intervention of Benin’s malaria control strategy. However, data from the field indicate that LLIN lifespan appears to vary based on both intrinsic (to the LLIN) a...

    Authors: Virgile Gnanguenon, Roseric Azondekon, Frederic Oke-Agbo, Raymond Beach and Martin Akogbeto
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:69
  25. The Northern part of Serbia is hyperendemic-endemic for canine dirofilarioses. Considering this fact, many human dirofilarial infections could be expected, however only about 30 cases in Serbia have been descr...

    Authors: Suzana A Tasić-Otašević, Simona V Gabrielli, Aleksandar V Tasić, Nataša L MiladinovićTasić, Jovana T Kostić, Aleksandra M Ignjatović, Lidija D Popović Dragonjić, Zoran G Milošević, Valentina S Arsić-Arsenijević and Gabriella A Cancrini
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:68
  26. The editors of BMC Infectious Diseases would like to thank all our reviewers who have contributed to the journal in Volume 13 (2013).

    Authors: Philippa K Harris
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:20
  27. The use of prototypic strains is common among laboratories studying infectious agents as it promotes consistency for data comparability among and between laboratories. Schu S4 is the prototypic virulent strain of...

    Authors: Claudia R Molins, Mark J Delorey, Brook M Yockey, John W Young, John T Belisle, Martin E Schriefer and Jeannine M Petersen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:67
  28. As a result of extensive use of fluroquinlones and cephalosporins, urinary tract pathogens producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) pose a considerable clinical challenge in the treatment of UTIs. In ...

    Authors: Bei Lai, Bo Zheng, Yun Li, Sainan Zhu and Zhaohui Tong
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:66
  29. In Poland, gonorrhoea has been a mandatorily reported infection since 1948, however, the reported incidences are likely underestimated. No antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data for Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been in...

    Authors: Beata Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska, Agnieszka Beata Serwin, Daniel Golparian, Szymon Walter de Walthoffen, Slawomir Majewski, Marta Koper, Magdalena Malejczyk, Marius Domeika and Magnus Unemo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:65
  30. In the context of decreasing tuberculosis prevalence in China, we examined the effectiveness of screening household contacts of tuberculosis patients.

    Authors: Zhongwei Jia, Shiming Cheng, Yan Ma, Tianhao Zhang, Liqiong Bai, Weiguo Xu, Xiaoxin He, Peiru Zhang, Jinkou Zhao and David C Christiani
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:64
  31. Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is sexually transmitted, leading to blisters and ulcers in the genito-anal region. After primary infection the virus is present in a latent state in neurons in sensory gangl...

    Authors: Lars Haarr, Arvid Nilsen, Per M Knappskog and Nina Langeland
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:63
  32. Since non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) disease is not notifiable in most European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA) countries, the epidemiological situation of the >150 NTM species is largely unkno...

    Authors: Marieke J van der Werf, Csaba Ködmön, Vera Katalinić-Janković, Tiina Kummik, Hanna Soini, Elvira Richter, Dimitrios Papaventsis, Enrico Tortoli, Monique Perrin, Dick van Soolingen, Manca Žolnir-Dovč and Vibeke Østergaard Thomsen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:62
  33. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most common infections presenting to the emergency department (ED). Increasingly, antibiotic resistant bacteria have been identified as causative pathogens in p...

    Authors: Scott T Micek, Adam Lang, Brian M Fuller, Nicholas B Hampton and Marin H Kollef
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:61
  34. Since 2010 Veneto region (North-Eastern Italy) planned a special integrated surveillance of summer fevers to promptly identify cases of West Nile Fever (WNF), dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV). The objecti...

    Authors: Federico Gobbi, Gioia Capelli, Andrea Angheben, Mario Giobbia, Mario Conforto, Marzia Franzetti, Anna Maria Cattelan, Enzo Raise, Pierangelo Rovere, Paolo Mulatti, Fabrizio Montarsi, Andrea Drago, Luisa Barzon, Giuseppina Napoletano, Francesca Zanella, Francesca Pozza…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:60
  35. With Fluorotype MTB (FT MTB, HAIN Lifesciences, Germany) a new semi-automated assay for detection of M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in clinical specimens has been introduced. In a prospective study, we evaluated ...

    Authors: Sabine Hofmann-Thiel and Harald Hoffmann
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:59
  36. Limited information on epidemiologic patterns of KSHV, with none focusing on heterosexual transmission, is available in mainland China. To clarify this, a cross-sectional study was conducted among a group of f...

    Authors: Tiejun Zhang, Ying Yang, Feng Yu, Yanping Zhao, Feifei Lin, Veenu Minhas, Charles Wood and Na He
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:58
  37. As the population ages, the burden on the healthcare system might increase and require changed public health priorities. As infections are often more severe at older age, we rank notifiable infectious diseases...

    Authors: Anneke Steens, Hanne-Merete Eriksen and Hans Blystad
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:57
  38. Drug-resistant Providencia rettgeri producing metallo-β-lactamase and 16S rRNA methylase has been reported in several countries. We analyzed P. rettgeri clinical isolates with resistance to carbapenems and aminog...

    Authors: Tatsuya Tada, Tohru Miyoshi-Akiyama, Rajan K Dahal, Manoj K Sah, Hiroshi Ohara, Kayo Shimada, Teruo Kirikae and Bharat M Pokhrel
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:56
  39. IFN-α has been used to treat patients with chronic active hepatitis B (CAHB). Recent studies have implicated the IL-23/Th-17 pathway in the pathogenesis of CAHB. In this study, we investigated whether IFN-α co...

    Authors: Fang Cui, Jiangping Meng, Peng Luo and Pu Chen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:55
  40. The rapid identification of acid-fast bacilli recovered from patient specimens as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) is critically important for accurate diagnosis and treatment. A thin-layer immunochromato...

    Authors: Kinuyo Chikamatsu, Akio Aono, Hiroyuki Yamada, Tetsuhiro Sugamoto, Tomoko Kato, Yuko Kazumi, Kiyoko Tamai, Hideji Yanagisawa and Satoshi Mitarai
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:54
  41. The successful treatment of tuberculosis (TB) requires long-term multidrug chemotherapy. Clinical trials to evaluate new drugs and regimens for TB treatment are protracted due to the slow clearance of Mycobacteri...

    Authors: Sebabrata Mahapatra, Ann M Hess, John L Johnson, Kathleen D Eisenach, Mary A DeGroote, Phineas Gitta, Moses L Joloba, Gilla Kaplan, Gerhard Walzl, W Henry Boom and John T Belisle
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:53
  42. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection can activate the immune system, leading to characteristic pathological changes such as inflammatory granuloma, caseous necrosis, and cavity formation.

    Authors: Chong Wang, Yan-Yuan Li, Xiang Li, Li-Liang Wei, Xiu-Yun Yang, Dan-Dan Xu, Ting-Ting Jiang, Zhong-Jie Li, Zhong-Liang Chen, Xing Zhang, Ji-Yan Liu, Ze-Peng Ping and Ji-Cheng Li
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:52
  43. Persistent high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and increased HR-HPV viral load are associated with the development of cancer. This study investigated the effect of human immunodeficiency virus ...

    Authors: Zizipho ZA Mbulawa, Leigh F Johnson, Dianne J Marais, Inger Gustavsson, Jennifer R Moodley, David Coetzee, Ulf Gyllensten and Anna-Lise Williamson
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:51
  44. Human adenoviruses of species B, C, and E (HAdV-B, –C, -E) are frequent causative agents of acute respiratory infections worldwide. As part of a surveillance program aimed at identifying the etiology of influe...

    Authors: Pola N Demian, Katherine C Horton, Adriana Kajon, Rania Siam, Amel Mohamed Nageib Hasanin, Amany Elgohary Sheta, Claire Cornelius and Anne M Gaynor
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:50
  45. Immunoassays for Plasmodium detection are, presently, most frequently based on monoclonal antibodies (MAbs); Polyclonal antibodies (PAbs), which are cheaper to develop and manufacture, are much less frequently...

    Authors: Luciana Pereira Sousa, Luis André Morais Mariuba, Rudson Jesus Holanda, João Paulo Pimentel, Maria Edilene Martins Almeida, Yury Oliveira Chaves, Davi Borges, Emerson Lima, James Lee Crainey, Patricia Puccinelli Orlandi, Marcus Vinicius Lacerda and Paulo Afonso Nogueira
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:49
  46. ProvLab Alberta provides all laboratory testing for Bordetella pertussis including sporadic cases and outbreak investigations through collaborations with provincial public health partners. We describe B. pertussi...

    Authors: Sumana Fathima, Christina Ferrato, Bonita E Lee, Kimberley Simmonds, Lin Yan, Shamir N Mukhi, Vincent Li, Linda Chui and Steven J Drews
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:48
  47. Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) expressing hypermucoviscosity phenotype (HV-KP) has abundant capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and is capable of causing invasive syndrome. Sodium salicylate (SAL) reduces the production o...

    Authors: Chen-Hsiang Lee, Lin-Hui Su, Jien-Wei Liu, Chia-Chi Chang, Rong-Fu Chen and Kuender-D Yang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:47
  48. Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS), a leading cause of sepsis and meningitis in infants, can be transmitted vertically from mother to infant during passage through the birth canal. Detection o...

    Authors: Toyohisa Morita, Dongyun Feng, Yoko Kamio, Isao Kanno, Teruo Somaya, Kazuhito Imai, Misaki Inoue, Mutsunori Fujiwara and Akihito Miyauchi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:46

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