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  1. Purified water for pharmaceutical purposes must be free of microbial contamination and pyrogens. Even with the additional sanitary and disinfecting treatments applied to the system (sequential operational stag...

    Authors: Priscila G Mazzola, Alzira MS Martins and Thereza CV Penna

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:131

    Content type: Research article

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  2. The reemergence of epidemic diphtheria in Belarus in 1990s has provided us with important information on the biology of the disease and the diversity of the causative agent Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Molecular ...

    Authors: Valentina Kolodkina, Leonid Titov, Tatyana Sharapa, Francine Grimont, Patrick AD Grimont and Androulla Efstratiou

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:129

    Content type: Research article

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  3. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important pathogen that can cause severe illness in infants and young children. In this study, we assessed whether data on RSV collected by the European Influenza Survei...

    Authors: Tamara J Meerhoff, Douglas Fleming, Ann Smith, Anne Mosnier, Arianne B van Gageldonk-Lafeber and W John Paget

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:128

    Content type: Research article

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  4. Combined kidney pancreas transplantation (PTx) evolved as excellent treatment for diabetic nephropathy. Infections remain common and serious complications.

    Authors: Natalie Berger, Sigmund Guggenbichler, Wolfgang Steurer, Christian Margreiter, Gert Mayer, Reinhold Kafka, Walter Mark, Alexander R Rosenkranz, Raimund Margreiter and Hugo Bonatti

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:127

    Content type: Research article

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  6. Antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) continues to be a problem for clinicians worldwide. However, few data on the antibiotic susceptibility patterns ...

    Authors: Adebayo O Shittu and Johnson Lin

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:125

    Content type: Research article

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  8. Dengue is a common cause of fever in the tropics but its contribution to the total burden of febrile illnesses that is presented to primary health facilities in endemic regions such as Vietnam, is largely unkn...

    Authors: Hoang Lan Phuong, Peter J de Vries, Tran TT Nga, Phan T Giao, Le Q Hung, Tran Q Binh, Nguyen V Nam, Nico Nagelkerke and Piet A Kager

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:123

    Content type: Research article

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  9. In women, Chlamydia (C.) trachomatis upper genital tract infection can cause distal tubal damage and occlusion, increasing the risk of tubal factor subfertility and ectopic pregnancy. Variations, like single nucl...

    Authors: Janneke E den Hartog, Sander Ouburg, Jolande A Land, Joseph M Lyons, James I Ito, A Salvador Peña and Servaas A Morré

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:122

    Content type: Research article

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  10. Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) and Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) are caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Rickettsia rickettsii, respectively. The pathogenesis of RMSF relates to rickettsia-mediated vasc...

    Authors: Kerry L Dierberg and J Stephen Dumler

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:121

    Content type: Research article

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  11. Several enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-kits are commercially available for the rapid diagnosis of dengue infection, and have demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity in paired serum samples. In...

    Authors: Ole Wichmann, Klaus Stark, Pei-Yun Shu, Matthias Niedrig, Christina Frank, Jyh-Hsiung Huang and Tomas Jelinek

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:120

    Content type: Research article

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  12. Spread of antibiotic resistance in hospitals is a well-known problem, but studies investigating the importance of factors potentially related to the spread of resistant bacteria in outpatients are sparse.

    Authors: Susanne Lietzau, Elke Raum, Heike von Baum, Reinhard Marre and Hermann Brenner

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:119

    Content type: Research article

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  13. AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis has a high mortality. Fluconazole was the only systemic antifungal therapy available in our centre. From 1999–2001 we used low-dose fluconazole (200 mg daily initially),...

    Authors: CF Schaars, GA Meintjes, C Morroni, FA Post and G Maartens

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:118

    Content type: Research article

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  14. Emergence and global dissemination of multiresistant strains of enteric pathogens is a very concerning problem from both epidemiological and Public Health points of view. Shigella sonnei is the serogroup of Shige...

    Authors: Caterina Mammina, Aurora Aleo, Cristina Romani and Antonino Nastasi

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:117

    Content type: Research article

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  15. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) causes severe infections in very young infants and invasive disease in pregnant women and adults with underlying medical conditions. GBS pathogenicity varies between and within serotyp...

    Authors: Shannon D Manning, Moran Ki, Carl F Marrs, Kiersten J Kugeler, Stephanie M Borchardt, Carol J Baker and Betsy Foxman

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:116

    Content type: Research article

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  16. Lemierre's syndrome presents a classic clinical picture, the pathophysiology of which remains obscure. Attempts have been made to trace genetic predispositions that modify the host detection of pathogen or the...

    Authors: Jean-Michel Constantin, Jean-Paul Mira, Renaud Guerin, Sophie Cayot-Constantin, Olivier Lesens, Florence Gourdon, Jean-Pierre Romaszko, Philippe Linval, Henri Laurichesse and Jean-Etienne Bazin

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:115

    Content type: Case report

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  17. Both uremia and hepatitis C infection is associated with increased oxidative stress. In the present study, we aimed to find out whether hepatitis C infection has any impact on oxidative stress in hemodialysis ...

    Authors: Mehmet Horoz, Cengiz Bolukbas, Filiz F Bolukbas, Mehmet Aslan, Ahmet O Koylu, Sahbettin Selek and Ozcan Erel

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:114

    Content type: Research article

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  18. Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection in pregnant women represents a risk for congenital disease. There is scarce information about the epidemiology of T. gondii infection in pregnant women in Mexico. Therefor...

    Authors: Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel, Antonio Sifuentes-Álvarez, Sergio Guadalupe Narro-Duarte, Sergio Estrada-Martínez, Juan Humberto Díaz-García, Oliver Liesenfeld, Sergio Arturo Martínez-García and Arturo Canales-Molina

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:113

    Content type: Research article

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  19. Recent advances in characterizing the immune recovery of HIV-1-infected people have highlighted the importance of the thymus for peripheral T-cell diversity and function. The aim of this study was to investiga...

    Authors: Salvador Resino, Elena Seoane, Alicia Pérez, Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos, Manuel Leal and Maria Á Muñoz-Fernández

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:112

    Content type: Research article

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  20. No data currently exist about use of antibiotics to prevent surgical site infections (SSI) among patients undergoing appendectomy in Thailand. We therefore examined risk factors, use, and efficacy of prophylac...

    Authors: Nongyao Kasatpibal, Mette Nørgaard, Henrik Toft Sørensen, Henrik Carl Schønheyder, Silom Jamulitrat and Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:111

    Content type: Research article

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  21. The population of Nukufetau, a remote coral atoll island in Tuvalu in the Western Pacific, received annual mass drug administration (MDA) of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole under the Pacific Elimination of ...

    Authors: Rick Speare, Falatea Fab Latasi, Tekaai Nelesone, Sonia Harmen, Wayne Melrose, David Durrheim and Jorg Heukelbach

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:110

    Content type: Research article

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  22. In a substantial proportion of respiratory tract diseases of suspected infectious origin, the etiology is unknown. Some of these cases may be caused by the recently described human bocavirus (hBoV). The aim of...

    Authors: Benedikt Weissbrich, Florian Neske, Jörg Schubert, Franz Tollmann, Katharina Blath, Kerstin Blessing and Hans Wolfgang Kreth

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:109

    Content type: Research article

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  23. Noroviruses are highly infectious pathogens that cause gastroenteritis in the community and in semi-closed institutions such as hospitals. During outbreaks, multiple units within a hospital are often affected,...

    Authors: Ben A Lopman, Chris Gallimore, Jim J Gray, Ian B Vipond, Nick Andrews, Joyshri Sarangi, Mark H Reacher and David W Brown

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:108

    Content type: Research article

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  24. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) in children has special features and consequently, results obtained from clinical trials with antiretroviral drugs in adults may not be representative of children. Nelfinavir (NF...

    Authors: Salvador Resino, Beatriz Larrú, Jose Ma Bellón, Rosa Resino, Ma Isabel de José, Marisa Navarro, Juan Antonio Léon, José Tomás Ramos, Ma José Mellado and Ma Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:107

    Content type: Research article

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  25. Host genetic factors may play a role in susceptibility and resistance to SARS associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection. The study was carried out to investigate the association between the genetic polymorph...

    Authors: Jing He, Dan Feng, Sake J de Vlas, Hongwei Wang, Arnaud Fontanet, Panhe Zhang, Sabine Plancoulaine, Fang Tang, Lin Zhan, Hong Yang, Tianbao Wang, Jan H Richardus, J Dik F Habbema and Wuchun Cao

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:106

    Content type: Research article

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  26. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype is biologically different from other genotypes. We aimed to clinically and immunologically compare human tuberculosis caused by Beijing and non-Beijing strains.

    Authors: Yong-Jiang Sun, TK Lim, Adrian Kheng Yeow Ong, Benjamin Choon Heng Ho, Geok Teng Seah and Nicholas I Paton

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:105

    Content type: Research article

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  27. The speed and sensitivity of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have made it a popular method for the detection of microbiological agents in both research and clinical specimens. For the detection and g...

    Authors: Mark W Pandori, John Lei, Ernest H Wong, Jeffrey Klausner and Sally Liska

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:104

    Content type: Technical advance

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  29. Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading causes of death among infectious diseases worldwide. Despite its low incidence rates in countries of Western Europe and North America, the resurgence of TB in Easte...

    Authors: Vasilios German, Georgios Giannakos, Petros Kopterides and Matthew E Falagas

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:102

    Content type: Research article

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  30. Infections with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) can lead to chronic liver disease and hepato-cellular carcinoma (HCC). This cross-sectional study estimated the prevalence and identified ris...

    Authors: Wasim Jafri, Nadim Jafri, Javed Yakoob, Muhammad Islam, Syed Farhan Ali Tirmizi, Tazeen Jafar, Saeed Akhtar, Saeed Hamid, Hasnain Ali Shah and Sheikh Qamaruddin Nizami

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:101

    Content type: Research article

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  31. Burkholderia pseudomallei are the causative agent of melioidosis. Increasing resistance of the disease to antibiotics is a severe problem in treatment regime and has led to intensification of the search for new ...

    Authors: R Perumal Samy, A Pachiappan, P Gopalakrishnakone, Maung M Thwin, Yap E Hian, Vincent TK Chow, Ho Bow and Joseph T Weng

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:100

    Content type: Research article

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  33. The aim of our study is to describe a fast molecular method, able to distinguish and quantize the two different genotypes (652 and JP2) of an important periodontal pathogen: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. ...

    Authors: Germano Orrù, Mario Francesco Marini, Maria Laura Ciusa, Daniela Isola, Marina Cotti, Marco Baldoni, Vincenzo Piras, Elisabetta Pisano and Caterina Montaldo

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:98

    Content type: Technical advance

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  34. Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common opportunistic infection in HIV-infected adults in developing countries. Isoniazid (INH) is recommended for treatment of latent TB infection, however non-adherence is common...

    Authors: Tom A Szakacs, Douglas Wilson, D William Cameron, Michael Clark, Paul Kocheleff, F James Muller and Anne E McCarthy

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:97

    Content type: Research article

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  35. Schistosomiasis is a major parasitic disease affecting over 200 million people in the developing world with a further 400 million people at risk of infection. The aim of this study was to identify a single ant...

    Authors: Francisca Mutapi, Takafira Mduluza, Natalia Gomez-Escobar, William F Gregory, Cecilia Fernandez, Nicholas Midzi and Rick M Maizels

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:96

    Content type: Research article

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  36. We have previously shown the high prevalence of oral anti-human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) antibodies in women with HPV-associated cervical neoplasia. It was postulated that the HPV antibodies were initia...

    Authors: Dianne J Marais, Candice Sampson, Anthea Jeftha, Dherendra Dhaya, Jo-Ann S Passmore, Lynette Denny, Edward P Rybicki, Eric Van Der Walt, Lawrence XG Stephen and Anna-Lise Williamson

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:95

    Content type: Research article

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  37. Patients prescribed intravenous (IV) glycopeptides usually remain in hospital until completion of this treatment. Some of these patients could be discharged earlier if a switch to an oral antibiotic was made. ...

    Authors: Mohammed Desai, Bryony Dean Franklin, Alison H Holmes, Sarah Trust, Mike Richards, Ann Jacklin and Kathleen B Bamford

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:94

    Content type: Research article

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  38. Injecting drug use is a key risk factor, for several infections of public health importance, especially hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV). In England and Wales, where less than 1% of the population are l...

    Authors: AJ Sutton, NJ Gay, WJ Edmunds, VD Hope, ON Gill and M Hickman

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:93

    Content type: Research article

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  39. Infectious diseases are often studied by characterising the population structure of the pathogen using genetic markers. An unresolved problem is the effective quantification of the extent of transmission using...

    Authors: Mark M Tanaka, Renault Phong and Andrew R Francis

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:92

    Content type: Research article

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  40. This study was conducted to examine, in vitro , the effect of soluble egg antigen (SEA) of S. haematobium on intracellular HCV RNA load in peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC) as well as on cell proliferation in p...

    Authors: Mostafa K El-Awady, Samar S Youssef, Moataza H Omran, Ashraf A Tabll, Wael T El Garf and Ahmed M Salem

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:91

    Content type: Research article

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  41. Microbicides must protect against STD pathogens without causing unacceptable toxic effects. Microbicides based on nonoxynol-9 (N9) and other detergents disrupt sperm, HSV and HIV membranes, and these agents ar...

    Authors: Richard A Cone, Timothy Hoen, XiXi Wong, Raed Abusuwwa, Deborah J Anderson and Thomas R Moench

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:90

    Content type: Research article

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  42. As a greater number of HIV-infected patients survive despite profound immunodepression due to medical progress, we face complex infection with multiple agents in AIDS-patients.

    Authors: Clarisse Rovery, Jean Marc Rolain, Hubert Lepidi, Christine Zandotti, Jacques Moreau and Philippe Brouqui

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:89

    Content type: Case report

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  43. Ascariasis and HIV/AIDS are often co-endemic under conditions of poverty in South Africa; and discordant immune responses to the respective infections could theoretically be affecting the epidemic of HIV/AIDS ...

    Authors: Vera J Adams, Miles B Markus, Zilungile L Kwitshana, Muhammad A Dhansay, Lize van der Merwe, Gerhard Walzl and John E Fincham

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:88

    Content type: Research article

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  44. Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are endemic in wild birds and their introduction and conversion to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in domestic poultry is a cause of serious economic losses as well as a ...

    Authors: Livia Di Trani, Barbara Bedini, Isabella Donatelli, Laura Campitelli, Barbara Chiappini, Maria Alessandra De Marco, Mauro Delogu, Canio Buonavoglia and Gabriele Vaccari

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:87

    Content type: Research article

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  45. Helicobacter cinaedi is a rare pathogen in humans, occurring mostly in immuno-compromised patients, with a high potential for recurrence. We describe a case of a patient with lymphoma hospitalized for chemothera...

    Authors: Ilker Uçkay, Jorge Garbino, Pierre-Yves Dietrich, Béatrice Ninet, Peter Rohner and Véronique Jacomo

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:86

    Content type: Case report

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  46. Low serum selenium has been associated with lower CD4 counts and greater mortality among HIV-1-seropositive individuals, but most studies have not controlled for serum albumin and the presence of an acute phas...

    Authors: Paul K Drain, Jared M Baeten, Julie Overbaugh, Mark H Wener, Daniel D Bankson, Ludo Lavreys, Kishorchandra Mandaliya, Jeckoniah O Ndinya-Achola and R Scott McClelland

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:85

    Content type: Research article

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  49. Cytokines play important roles in antiviral action. We examined whether polymorphisms of IFN-γ,TNF-α and IL-10 affect the susceptibility to and outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

    Authors: Wai Po Chong, WK Eddie Ip, Gloria Hoi Wan Tso, Man Wai Ng, Wilfred Hing Sang Wong, Helen Ka Wai Law, Raymond WH Yung, Eudora Y Chow, KL Au, Eric YT Chan, Wilina Lim, JS Malik Peiris and Yu Lung Lau

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:82

    Content type: Research article

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  50. Evidence for an increased prevalence of candidaemia and for high associated mortality in the 1990s led to a number of different recommendations concerning the management of at risk patients as well as an incre...

    Authors: Boualem Sendid, Angélique Cotteau, Nadine François, Annie D'Haveloose, Annie Standaert, Daniel Camus and Daniel Poulain

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2006 6:80

    Content type: Research article

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