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Viral diseases

This section aims to publish studies looking at all aspects of of the prevention, diagnosis and management of viral diseases in humans, as well as related molecular genetics, pathophysiology, and epidemiology. HIV, HIV-associated infections and sexually transmitted diseases are considered in separate sections.

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  1. Rabies is endemic in southern Bhutan, associated with 1–2 human deaths and high post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) costs annually. Evaluation of clinicians’ management of human cases potentially exposed to rabies...

    Authors: Kinley Penjor, Nelly Marquetoux, Chendu Dorji, Kinley Penjor, Sithar Dorjee, Chencho Dorjee, P. D. Jolly, R. S. Morris and J. S. McKenzie

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:203

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  2. The incidence rate of measles in China reached a nadir in 2012 after 2 supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) were undertaken in 2009 and 2010. However, the disease began re-emerging in 2013, with a high...

    Authors: Huizhen Zheng, Katherine Min Jia, Riyang Sun, Pui Hu, Maggie Haitian Wang, Benny Chung-Ying Zee, Wenjia Liang and Ka Chun Chong

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:197

    Content type: Research article

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  3. Respiratory infections are a major threat for lung recipients. We aimed to compare with a monocentric study the impact of late viral and bacterial respiratory infections on the graft function.

    Authors: Marie Dubert, Benoit Visseaux, André Birgy, Pierre Mordant, Anne-Cécile Metivier, Gaelle Dauriat, Nadhira Fidouh, Yazdan Yazdanpanah, Nathalie Grall, Yves Castier, Hervé Mal, Gabriel Thabut and François-Xavier Lescure

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:176

    Content type: Research article

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  4. Respiratory tract infection (RTI) in young children is a leading cause of morbidity and hospitalization worldwide. There are few studies assessing the performance for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) versus...

    Authors: Zhan-Ying Ma, Hua Deng, Li-Dong Hua, Wen Lei, Chang-Bin Zhang, Qi-Qiang Dai, Wei-Jing Tao and Liang Zhang

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:168

    Content type: Research article

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  5. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a major cause of hospitalization in young children in Canada, despite routine immunoprophylaxis in those with medical risk factors. We aimed to determine if cold ...

    Authors: Dhenuka Radhakrishnan, Alexandra Ouedraogo, Salimah Z. Shariff, J. Dayre McNally, Eric I. Benchimol and Kristin K. Clemens

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:157

    Content type: Research article

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  6. The emergence of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus was reported in Wenshan City, southwestern China in 2017. The study describes the epidemiological and virological features of the outbreak an...

    Authors: Li Jiang, Xiaonan Zhao, Wen Xu, Xuehua Zhou, Chunrui Luo, Jiunan Zhou, Xiaoqing Fu, Yaoyao Chen and Duo Li

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:154

    Content type: Research article

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  7. Human encephalitis can originate from a variety of different aetiologies, of which infection is the most common one. The diagnostic work-up is specifically challenging in patients with travel history since a b...

    Authors: Andreas Osterman, Viktoria C. Ruf, Cristina Domingo, Andreas Nitsche, Peter Eichhorn, Hanna Zimmermann, Klaus Seelos, Sabine Zange, Konstantinos Dimitriadis, Hans-Walter Pfister, Thorsten Thye, Armin Giese, Dennis Tappe and Stephan Böhm

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:150

    Content type: Case report

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  8. The influenza virus spreads rapidly around the world in seasonal epidemics, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Influenza-related incidence data are limited in many countries in Africa despite es...

    Authors: Musse Tadesse, Mesfin Mengesha, Adamu Tayachew, Desalegn Belay, Abdulhafiz Hassen, Abyot Bekele Woyessa, Etsehiwot Zemelak, Berhan Beyene, Wubayehu Kassa, Workenesh Ayele, Bethel Teshome, Mikias Mekonen, Zewdu Assefa and Beyene Moges

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:148

    Content type: Research article

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  9. Community–acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the leading worldwide causes of childhood morbidity and mortality. Its disease burden varies by age and etiology and is time dependent. We aimed to investigate the ...

    Authors: Eun Lee, Chul-Hong Kim, Yong Ju Lee, Hyo-Bin Kim, Bong-Seong Kim, Hyung Young Kim, Yunsun Kim, Sangyoung Kim, Chorong Park, Ju-Hee Seo, In Suk Sol, Myongsoon Sung, Min Seob Song, Dae Jin Song, Young Min Ahn, Hea Lin Oh…

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:132

    Content type: Research article

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  10. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is an endemic communicable disease in China, accounting for 90% of total reported cases worldwide. In this study, the authors want to investigate the risk factors f...

    Authors: Xiaochen Wang, Wenqi Shen, Yuanfang Qin, Liang Ying, Haipeng Li, Jiankui Lu, Jing Lu, Nan Zhang, Zhifeng Li, Weizhong Zhou, Fenyang Tang, Fengcai Zhu, Jianli Hu and Changjun Bao

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:103

    Content type: Research article

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  11. Rubella is highly under reported in Zambia as in most sub-Saharan countries despite being a disease of major public health concern especially among women of childbearing age. In September 2016, Zambia introduc...

    Authors: Mazyanga L. Mazaba, Seter Siziya, Mwaka Monze and Daniel Cohen

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:101

    Content type: Research article

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  12. In addition to outbreaks of nosocomial influenza, sporadic nosocomial influenza infections also occur but are generally not reported in the literature.

    Authors: P. Godoy, N. Torner, N. Soldevila, C. Rius, M. Jane, A. Martínez, JA. Caylà and A. Domínguez

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:80

    Content type: Research article

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  13. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is one of the most common opportunistic infections following organ transplantation, despite administration of CMV prophylaxis. CMV-specific T-cell immunity (TCI) has been associ...

    Authors: Ralph Rogers, Kapil Saharia, Aditya Chandorkar, Zoe F. Weiss, Kendra Vieira, Sophia Koo and Dimitrios Farmakiotis

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:58

    Content type: Research article

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    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:122

  15. This study sought to provide up-to-date hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) seroprevalence in rural Burkina Faso decade after hepatitis B vaccine was introduced in the national immunization scheduled for children.

    Authors: Moussa Lingani, Tomoyuki Akita, Serge Ouoba, Shintaro Nagashima, Palwende Romuald Boua, Kazuaki Takahashi, Basile Kam, Aya Sugiyama, Théodore Nikiema, Chikako Yamamoto, Athanase Somé, Karim Derra, Ko Ko, Hermann Sorgho, Zekiba Tarnagda, Halidou Tinto…

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:46

    Content type: Research article

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  17. Impact of climate change on tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) prevalence in the tick-host enzootic cycle in a given region depends on how the region-specific climate change patterns influence tick population devel...

    Authors: Kyeongah Nah, Ákos Bede-Fazekas, Attila János Trájer and Jianhong Wu

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:34

    Content type: Research Article

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  18. Meningitis is a very rare atypical presenting feature of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. In our case report, we describe an unusual clinical presentation of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis with a biphasic pat...

    Authors: Maria Stavrou, Jing Ming Yeo, Alexander David Slater, Oliver Koch, Sarosh Irani and Peter Foley

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:21

    Content type: Case report

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  19. Despite the benefits of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART), there is a growing concern of treatment failure. This study aimed to assess viral non suppression rate and factors associated with HIV viral non suppressio...

    Authors: Abraham Aregay Desta, Tewolde Wubayehu Woldearegay, Nesredin Futwi, Gebrecherkos Teame Gebrehiwot, Goyitom Gebremedhn Gebru, Asfawosen Aregay Berhe and Hagos Godefay

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:4

    Content type: Research article

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  20. Outbreaks of infectious gastroenteritis are common in care homes for the elderly. Norovirus can cause these outbreaks, but diagnosis is frequently based solely on clinical characteristics. Our objective in thi...

    Authors: Thomas Inns, Deb Wilson, Petra Manley, John P. Harris, Sarah J. O’Brien and Roberto Vivancos

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 20:2

    Content type: Research article

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  21. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes herpes zoster. Pneumocystis jirovecii (PJ) also causes pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. Although both cause opportunistic infections, it is rare to have a co-infection in ...

    Authors: Hirotada Muramatsu, Akira Kuriyama, Yoshiaki Anzai and Tetsunori Ikegami

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:1092

    Content type: Case report

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  22. The European Commission (EC) Horizon 2020 (H2020)-funded ZIKAlliance Consortium designed a multicentre study including pregnant women (PW), children (CH) and natural history (NH) cohorts. Clinical sites were s...

    Authors: Vivian I. Avelino-Silva, Philippe Mayaud, Adriana Tami, Maria C. Miranda, Kerstin D. Rosenberger, Neal Alexander, Luis Nacul, Aluisio Segurado, Moritz Pohl, Sarah Bethencourt, Luis A. Villar, Isabelle F. T. Viana, Renata Rabello, Carmen Soria, Silvia P. Salgado, Eduardo Gotuzzo…

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:1081

    Content type: Study protocol

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  23. Current studies regarding glucocorticosteroid treatment of influenza have only estimated risk of critical illness or death which can be easily confounded by timing of treatment administration. We used severe a...

    Authors: Xuesen Xing, Shixiong Hu, Meihua Chen, Faxian Zhan, Huihui Liu, Zhang Chen, Hengjiao Zhang, Ge Zeng, Qiaohua Xu, Hong Zhang, Man Liu, Honghui Liu, Lidong Gao and Lijie Zhang

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:1080

    Content type: Research article

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  24. Approximately 50% of cases of penile carcinoma (PeCa), a rare neoplasm worldwide, are associated with human papillomavirus (HPV). However, the detection of HPV-DNA is not sufficient to consider it the etiologi...

    Authors: Cecilia Martínez-Bailón, Alejandra Mantilla-Morales, Galo Méndez-Matías, Isabel Alvarado-Cabrero, Rogelio Maldonado-Rodríguez, Joel Quintero-Becerra, Rafael Arias-Flores and Patricia Piña-Sánchez

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:1068

    Content type: Research article

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  25. West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus, first detected in the Western Hemisphere in 1999 and spread across North America over the next decade. Though endemic in the most populous areas of North A...

    Authors: Emily Shing, John Wang, Mark P. Nelder, Camilla Parpia, Jonathan B. Gubbay, Mark Loeb, Erik Kristjanson, Alex Marchand-Austin, Stephen Moore, Curtis Russell, Doug Sider and Beate Sander

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:1059

    Content type: Research article

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  26. Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection is the most common congenital infection and a leading cause of long-term neurological and sensory sequelae, the most common being sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). ...

    Authors: G. Clement Dobbins, Amit Patki, Dongquan Chen, Hemant K. Tiwari, Curtis Hendrickson, William J. Britt, Karen Fowler, Jake Y. Chen, Suresh B. Boppana and Shannon A. Ross

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:1046

    Content type: Research article

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    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:111

  27. Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) raises an urgent public health issue in the Asia-Pacific region, especially in China. The associations between weather factors and HFMD have been widely studied but with in...

    Authors: Zhicheng Du, Shao Lin, Tia Marks, Wangjian Zhang, Te Deng, Shicheng Yu and Yuantao Hao

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:1029

    Content type: Research article

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  28. Currently, norovirus (NoV) is associated with one-fifth of all acute gastroenteritis (AGE) cases worldwide. The NoV GII.17_2014 variant has been associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks in several Asian count...

    Authors: Larissa Cristina Prado das Neves Costa, Dielle Monteiro Teixeira, Ana Caroline Rodrigues Portela, Ian Carlos Gomes de Lima, Renato da Silva Bandeira, Edivaldo Costa Sousa Júnior, Jones Anderson Monteiro Siqueira, Hugo Reis Resque, Luciana Damascena da Silva and Yvone Benchimol Gabbay

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:1021

    Content type: Research article

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  29. Influenza is the most frequent cause of acute upper respiratory tract infections during winter season. Although rare, neurological manifestations are known to occur during influenza infection and approximative...

    Authors: Maria Vincenza Mastrolia, Chiara Rubino, Massimo Resti, Sandra Trapani and Luisa Galli

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:1012

    Content type: Research article

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  30. Aseptic meningitis epidemics may pose various health care challenges.

    Authors: Jonas Graf, Christian J. Hartmann, Helmar C. Lehmann, Carolin Otto, Ortwin Adams, Michael Karenfort, Christian Schneider, Klemens Ruprecht, Hans Martin Bosse, Sabine Diedrich, Sindy Böttcher, Alfons Schnitzler, Hans-Peter Hartung, Orhan Aktas and Philipp Albrecht

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:1010

    Content type: Research article

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  31. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an important human pathogen which causes lifelong infection of > 90% people globally and is linked to infectious mononucleosis (arising from infection in the later teenage years) an...

    Authors: Joanne R. Winter, Graham S. Taylor, Olivia G. Thomas, Charlotte Jackson, Joanna E. A. Lewis and Helen R. Stagg

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:1007

    Content type: Research article

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  32. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a widespread mosquito-borne virus representing a serious challenge to public health. The largest outbreak in the Middle-East was recorded in 2016–2017 in Pakistan. Sistan and Baluc...

    Authors: Mohammad Hassan Pouriayevali, Farshid Rezaei, Tahmineh Jalali, Vahid Baniasadi, Mehdi Fazlalipour, Ehsan Mostafavi, Sahar Khakifirouz, Tahereh Mohammadi, Zahra Fereydooni, Mahsa Tavakoli, Sanam Azad-Manjiri, Motahareh Hosseini, Mahsa Ghalejoogh, Mohammad Mehdi Gouya, Anna-Bella Failloux and Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:1004

    Content type: Research article

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  33. Dengue is the most prevalent mosquito-borne disease in the world, with China affected seriously in recent years. 65.8% of dengue cases identified in mainland China since 2005 were reported from the city of Gua...

    Authors: Zhoubin Zhang, Qinlong Jing, Zongqiu Chen, Tiegang Li, Liyun Jiang, Yilan Li, Lei Luo, John Marshall and Zhicong Yang

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:1002

    Content type: Research article

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  34. Dengue fever is prevalent in the world; in recent years, several outbreaks occurred in West Africa. It affects pregnant women. We aimed to assess the consequences of dengue fever on pregnant women and their fe...

    Authors: Kongnimissom Apoline Sondo, Adama Ouattara, Eric Arnaud Diendéré, Ismaèl Diallo, Jacques Zoungrana, Guelilou Zémané, Léa Da, Arouna Gnamou, Bertrand Meda, Armel Poda, Hyacinthe Zamané, Ali Ouédraogo, Macaire Ouédraogo and Blandine Thieba/Bonané

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:997

    Content type: Research article

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  35. In 2017, an outbreak of onychomadesis occurred in kindergarten H, Hubei province, China. We investigated the field to learn about the magnitude and reason of the outbreak.

    Authors: Dan Li, Yang Wu, Xuesen Xing, Jigui Huang, Anlu Mao, Tian Liu, Ping Rao, Wei Qin, Lijie Zhang, Luzhao Feng, Shangren Gao and Xuhua Guan

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:995

    Content type: Research article

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  36. Since 1985, two antigenically distinct lineages of influenza B viruses (Victoria-like and Yamagata-like) have circulated globally. Trivalent seasonal influenza vaccines contain two circulating influenza A stra...

    Authors: Simona Puzelli, Angela Di Martino, Marzia Facchini, Concetta Fabiani, Laura Calzoletti, Giuseppina Di Mario, Annapina Palmieri, Paola Affanni, Barbara Camilloni, Maria Chironna, Pierlanfranco D’Agaro, Simone Giannecchini, Elena Pariani, Caterina Serra, Caterina Rizzo, Antonino Bella…

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:990

    Content type: Research article

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  37. Zika virus (ZIKV) infection gained public health concern after the 2015 outbreak in Brazil, when microcephaly rates increased in babies born from infected mothers. It was demonstrated that ZIKV causes a congen...

    Authors: Carolina V. Messias, Julia P. Lemos, Daniela P. Cunha, Zilton Vasconcelos, Lidiane M. S. Raphael, Myrna C. Bonaldo, Bruno Cister-Alves, Dumith Chequer Bou-Habib, Vinicius Cotta-de-Almeida, Wilson Savino and Daniella A. Mendes-da-Cruz

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:986

    Content type: Research article

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  38. Vaccine escape mutants (VEMs) are one of the causes of breakthrough infections in the mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV). We hypothesized that VEMs existing as minor populations in the mat...

    Authors: Haruki Komatsu, Ayano Inui, Yasuto Suzuki, Masaya Sugiyama and Tomoo Fujisawa

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:985

    Content type: Case report

    Published on:

  39. The ninth outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo occurred in Équateur Province from 8 May-24 July 2018. A system of health facility (HF)-based active case finding (ACF) w...

    Authors: Amber Kunkel, Mory Keita, Boubacar Diallo, Olivier le Polain de Waroux, Lorenzo Subissi, Bocar Wague, Roger Molala, Pierre Lonfandjo, Sébastien Bokoo Bokete, William Perea and Mamoudou Harouna Djingarey

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:981

    Content type: Research article

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  40. Rabies is estimated to cause 59,000 deaths and economic losses of US$8.6 billion every year. Despite several years of rabies surveillance and awareness programmes, increased availability of post-exposure proph...

    Authors: Carlos Sánchez-Soriano, Andrew D. Gibson, Luke Gamble, Jordana L. Burdon Bailey, Samantha Green, Mark Green, Barend M. deC. Bronsvoort, Ian G. Handel, Richard J. Mellanby and Stella Mazeri

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:977

    Content type: Research article

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  41. Adjustment of immunosuppression is the main therapy for BK polyomavirus (BKPyV)-associated nephropathy (BKPyVAN) after kidney transplantation (KT). Studies of BKPyV-specific T cell immune response are scarce. ...

    Authors: Jackrapong Bruminhent, Supranart Srisala, Chompunut Klinmalai, Subencha Pinsai, Siriorn P. Watcharananan, Surasak Kantachuvesiri, Suradej Hongeng and Nopporn Apiwattanakul

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:974

    Content type: Research article

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  42. Acute febrile illness (AFI) is characterized by malaise, myalgia and a raised temperature that is a nonspecific manifestation of infectious diseases in the tropics. The lack of appropriate diagnostics for the ...

    Authors: Divyalakshmi Bhaskaran, Sarabjit Singh Chadha, Sanjay Sarin, Rajashree Sen, Sonia Arafah and Sabine Dittrich

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:970

    Content type: Research article

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  43. Seasonal influenza causes a considerable burden to healthcare services every year. To better measure the impact of severe influenza cases in Romania, we analyzed active surveillance data collected during the 2...

    Authors: Anca Drăgănescu, Oana Săndulescu, Dragoș Florea, Ovidiu Vlaicu, Anca Streinu-Cercel, Dan Oțelea, Monica Luminița Luminos, Victoria Aramă, Sorin Abrudan, Adrian Streinu-Cercel and Daniela Pițigoi

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:967

    Content type: Research article

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  44. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between clinical and imaging findings with a worse clinical outcome in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of H1N1 influenza A virus.

    Authors: Karla Schoen, Natally Horvat, Nicolau F. C. Guerreiro, Isac de Castro and Karina S. de Giassi

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:964

    Content type: Research article

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  45. Colombia was the second most affected country during the American Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic, with over 109,000 reported cases. Despite the scale of the outbreak, limited genomic sequence data were available f...

    Authors: Allison Black, Louise H. Moncla, Katherine Laiton-Donato, Barney Potter, Lissethe Pardo, Angelica Rico, Catalina Tovar, Diana P. Rojas, Ira M. Longini, M. Elizabeth Halloran, Dioselina Peláez-Carvajal, Juan D. Ramírez, Marcela Mercado-Reyes and Trevor Bedford

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:963

    Content type: Research Article

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  46. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can cause poor outcomes in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients; moreover, it is associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the general population. Accordingly, anti-HCMV ...

    Authors: Yeonju La, Da Eun Kwon, Seul Gi Yoo, Kyoung Hwa Lee, Sang Hoon Han and Yong Goo Song

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:948

    Content type: Research article

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  47. Despite the numerous intervention programmes, HIV still remains a public health concern with a high impact in Sub-Saharan Africa region. Oxidative stress has been documented in HIV subjects as viral infection ...

    Authors: Stephen Bassey Coco-Bassey, Enosakhare A. Asemota, Henshaw Uchechi Okoroiwu, Joyce E. Etura, Esienanwan Esien Efiong, Imeobong J. Inyang and Emmanuel K. Uko

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:944

    Content type: Research article

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  48. Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) has emerged as a major public health issue in Vietnam since 2003. We aimed to investigate the household transmission of HFMD and its causative viruses from 150 households in...

    Authors: Cuong Quoc Hoang, Thao Thanh Thi Nguyen, Nguyen Xuan Ho, Hai Duc Nguyen, An Binh Nguyen, Tham Hong Thi Nguyen, Hung Cong Phan and Lan Trong Phan

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:933

    Content type: Research article

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  49. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play immunosuppressive roles in cancers and some infectious diseases; however, their role in dengue fever (DF) remains unknown. This study evaluated the clinical signif...

    Authors: Peng-Le Guo, Ling-Hua Li, Wen-Li Li, Jin-Cun Zhao, Feng-Yu Hu, Fu-Chun Zhang, Wei-Ping Cai and Xiao-Ping Tang

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:926

    Content type: Research article

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  50. This short reply contests two assumptions made by the authors of Mayrhuber et al’s. “With fever it’s the real flu I would say.” The first is that there is influenza can be reliably defined by a medical case de...

    Authors: Annemarie Jutel

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:921

    Content type: Correspondence

    Published on:

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