Sexually transmitted diseases

Sexual health and human rights: protecting rights to promote health

Authors: Joseph D. Tucker, Benjamin M. Meier, Cecilia Devoto, Eva Szunyogova and Stefan Baral

Preventing sexually transmitted and blood borne infections (STBBIs) among sex workers: a critical review of the evidence on determinants and interventions in high-income countries

Across diverse regions globally, sex workers continue to face a disproportionate burden of HIV and other sexually transmitted and blood borne infections (STBBIs). Evidence suggests that behavioural and biomedi...

Authors: Elena Argento, Shira Goldenberg and Kate Shannon

A systematic review of selected human rights programs to improve HIV-related outcomes from 2003 to 2015: what do we know?

Repressive legal environments and widespread human rights violations act as structural impediments to efforts to engage key populations at risk of HIV infection in HIV prevention, care, and treatment efforts. ...

Authors: Anne L. Stangl, Devaki Singh, Michael Windle, Kirsty Sievwright, Katherine Footer, Alexandrina Iovita, Stella Mukasa and Stefan Baral

Development and reliability of metrics to characterize types and sources of stigma among men who have sex with men and female sex workers in Togo and Burkina Faso

Stigma is a multifaceted concept that potentiates Human Immunodeficiency Virus and sexually transmitted infection acquisition and transmission risks among key populations, including men who have sex with men (...

Authors: Ashley L. Grosso, Sosthenes C. Ketende, Shauna Stahlman, Odette Ky-Zerbo, Henri Gautier Ouedraogo, Seni Kouanda, Cesaire Samadoulougou, Marcel Lougue, Jules Tchalla, Simplice Anato, Sodji Dometo, Felicity D. Nadedjo, Vincent Pitche and Stefan D. Baral

High expression of IDO1 and TGF-β1 during recurrence and post infection clearance with Chlamydia trachomatis, are independent of host IFN-γ response

Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women continue to be a major public health concern due to their high prevalence and consequent reproductive morbidities. While antibiotics are usually efficient to clear the Ch...

Authors: Noa Ziklo, Wilhelmina M. Huston, Kuong Taing and Peter Timms

Prevalence of human papillomavirus and subtype distribution in male partners of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN): a systematic review

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is estimated to be the most common sexually transmitted infection. The present systematic review summarizes data regarding the prevalence of HPV and the distribution of sub...

Authors: Anargyros Skoulakis, Serafim Fountas, Myrto Mantzana-Peteinelli, Kleoniki Pantelidi and Efthymia Petinaki

Macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance-associated mutations in Mycoplasma genitalium in Johannesburg, South Africa, 2007–2014

Antimicrobial resistance in Mycoplasma genitalium is rising globally with resultant clinical treatment failure. We investigated the prevalence of mutations in the macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance-determin...

Authors: Etienne E. Muller, Mahlape P. Mahlangu, David A. Lewis and Ranmini S. Kularatne

Perspectives on male partner notification and treatment for syphilis among antenatal women and their partners in Kampala and Wakiso districts, Uganda

Syphilis screening can be successfully integrated into antenatal clinics, and potentially avert significant morbidity and mortality to unborn infants. A minority of male partners report for testing and treatme...

Authors: Edith Nakku-Joloba, Juliet Kiguli, Christine Nalwadda Kayemba, Adeline Twimukye, Joshua Kimeze Mbazira, Rosalind Parkes-Ratanshi, Monica Birungi, Joshua Kyenkya, Josaphat Byamugisha, Charlotte Gaydos and Yukari C. Manabe

Oral-genital human papillomavirus infection in Polish couples: frequent detection of HPV 42

Human papillomavirus (HPV) contributes to the development of cervical and oropharyngeal tumors. The increased incidence of HPV associated oropharyngeal tumors is lately being observed also in Polish population...

Authors: Katarzyna Kiwerska, Agata Jozefiak, Janina Markowska, Witold Kedzia, Joanna Jackowska and Malgorzata Wierzbicka

Quantitative evaluation of an innovation contest to enhance a sexual health campaign in China

Crowdsourcing method is an excellent tool for developing tailored interventions to improve sexual health. We evaluated the implementation of an innovation contest for sexual health promotion in China.

Authors: Ye Zhang, Songyuan Tang, Katherine Li, Lai Sze Tso, Barry L. Bayus, David Glidden, Bin Yang, Heping Zheng, Chongyi Wei, Joseph Tucker and Weiming Tang

Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus among 9945 women from the Nanhai area of Foshan

To provide a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer (CC), we investigated the distribution characteristics and genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) and the prevalence of multip...

Authors: Xiao-wen Yuan, Yi-Jian Li, Quan Qiu, Zi-yuan Luo and Xue-feng Zhao

Prevalence and associated factors of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among female commercial sex workers in Hawassa City, Southern Ethiopia

Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most common pathogens causing genital tract infections. Female commercial sex workers (FCSWs) are the key population to be affected by sexually transmitted ...

Authors: Alelign Tadele, Siraj Hussen and Techalew Shimelis

Chlamydia trachomatis screening in urine among asymptomatic men attending an STI clinic in Paris: a cross-sectional study

The incidence of Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) urethritis has been increasing for the past 10 years. There is little data regarding the screening of Ct infection in asymptomatic men in France, despite the national r...

Authors: Paul Rondeau, Nadia Valin, Dominique Decré, Pierre-Marie Girard, Karine Lacombe and Laure Surgers

Prevalence and incidence of genital warts and cervical Human Papillomavirus infections in Nigerian women

Genital warts are important causes of morbidity and their prevalence and incidence can be used to evaluate the impact of HPV vaccination in a population.

Authors: Eileen O. Dareng, Sally N. Adebamowo, Ayotunde Famooto, Oluwatoyosi Olawande, Michael K. Odutola, Yinka Olaniyan, Richard A. Offiong, Paul P. Pharoah and Clement A. Adebamowo

Comparison of an in-house real-time duplex PCR assay with commercial HOLOGIC® APTIMA assays for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in urine and extra-genital specimens

Extra-genital Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections are mostly asymptomatic, and important reservoir sites of infection as they often go undetected and may be more difficult to eradicate with...

Authors: Johanna M. E. Venter, Precious M. Mahlangu, Etienne E. Müller, David A. Lewis, Kevin Rebe, Helen Struthers, James McIntyre and Ranmini S. Kularatne

Human papillomavirus infection & anal cytological abnormalities in HIV-positive men in eastern India

Oncogenic Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are closely associated with anal cancer which is high among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected males. There are no data regarding anal HPV infection and...

Authors: Abhilasha Gautam, Jaya Chakravarty, Vijay Kumar Singh, Amrita Ghosh, Shashi Bhushan Chauhan, Madhukar Rai and Shyam Sundar

Lymphogranuloma venereum is on the rise in Belgium among HIV negative men who have sex with men: surveillance data from 2011 until the end of June 2017

The number of cases of Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is increasing in Europe. The described epidemic is mostly confined to HIV positive men who have sex with men (MSM). However, dissemination of LGV from HIV ...

Authors: Irith De Baetselier, Achilleas Tsoumanis, Ruth Verbrugge, Bénédicte De Deken, Hilde Smet, Saïd Abdellati, Vicky Cuylaerts, Ludwig Apers and Tania Crucitti

Gonorrhea and chlamydia prevalence in different anatomical sites among men who have sex with men: a cross-sectional study in Guangzhou, China

A high rectal and oropharyngeal sexually transmitted infection (STI) burden has been reported among men who have sex with men (MSM) in many regions, but little data exists on rectal and oropharyngeal STIs amon...

Authors: Li-Gang Yang, Xiao-Hui Zhang, Pei-Zhen Zhao, Zheng-Yu Chen, Wu-Jian Ke, Xu-Qi Ren, Liu-Yuan Wang, Wei-Ying Chen and Joseph D. Tucker

Comparison of rRNA-based and DNA-based nucleic acid amplifications for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum in urogenital swabs

Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) are well-accepted in diagnosis and surveillance of sexually infectious pathogens worldwide. However, performance differences between a RNA-based NAAT and DNA-based NAAT ...

Authors: Yuying Liang, Xin Jin, Fang Yuan, Zhanjia Li and Shuiping Chen

Differences in Chlamydia trachomatis seroprevalence between ethnic groups cannot be fully explained by socioeconomic status, sexual healthcare seeking behavior or sexual risk behavior: a cross-sectional analysis in the HEalthy LIfe in an Urban Setting (HELIUS) study

In the Netherlands, there are strong disparities in Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) prevalence between ethnic groups. The current study aims to identify whether socioeconomic status, sexual risk behavior and sexual he...

Authors: Sebastiaan H. Hulstein, Amy Matser, Catharina J. Alberts, Marieke B. Snijder, Martina Willhauck-Fleckenstein, Katrin Hufnagel, Maria Prins, Henry J. C. de Vries, Maarten F. Schim van der Loeff and Tim Waterboer

Stably high azithromycin resistance and decreasing ceftriaxone susceptibility in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in 25 European countries, 2016

The European Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (Euro-GASP) performs annual sentinel surveillance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae susceptibility to therapeutically relevant antimicrobials across the Europea...

Authors: Michaela J. Day, Gianfranco Spiteri, Susanne Jacobsson, Neil Woodford, Andrew J. Amato-Gauci, Michelle J. Cole and Magnus Unemo

Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium infections in Cuban patients: an underestimated health problem

The increasing prevalence of macrolide resistant Mycoplasma genitalium is a major concern worldwide. In Cuba, several cases of clinical treatment failure with 1 g single dose and extended azithromycin regimen hav...

Authors: Brian Arturo Mondeja, Javier Couri, Nadia Maria Rodríguez, Orestes Blanco, Carmen Fernández and Jørgen Skov Jensen

Prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis infection among reproductive age women in sub Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common curable sexual transmitted bacterial infection in the world, including Sub-Saharan Africa. There is nil systematic review and meta-analysis on Chlamydia trachomatis infect...

Authors: Siraj Hussen, Demelash Wachamo, Zemenu Yohannes and Endale Tadesse

Lack of association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy / tropical spastic paraparesis development in patients from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a progressive neurological and inflammatory disease, associated with HTLV-1 infection. HAM/TSP neurological disease is a consequence of an...

Authors: Doris Schor, Luís Cristóvão Porto, Eric Henrique Roma, Marcel de Souza Borges Quintana, Gustavo Milson Fabricio-Silva, Maria Gloria Bonecini-Almeida, Abelardo Queiroz-Campos Araújo and Maria Jose Andrada-Serpa

A prospective cohort study to evaluate immunosuppressive cytokines as predictors of viral persistence and progression to pre-malignant lesion in the cervix in women infected with HR-HPV: study protocol

Cervical cancer (CC) is caused by a persistent infection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV). While most HPV infections are transient, persistent HPV infections are a significant health problem in Mexic...

Authors: K. Torres-Poveda, M. Bahena-Román, K. Delgado-Romero and V. Madrid-Marina

Study protocol of the iMPaCT project: a longitudinal cohort study assessing psychological determinants, sexual behaviour and chlamydia (re)infections in heterosexual STI clinic visitors

Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia), the most commonly reported sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the Netherlands, can lead to severe reproductive complications. Reasons for the sustained chlamydia prevalence...

Authors: Daphne A. van Wees, Janneke C. M. Heijne, Titia Heijman, Karlijn C. J. G. Kampman, Karin Westra, Anne de Vries, Mirjam E. E. Kretzschmar and Chantal den Daas

Urogenital pathogens, associated with Trichomonas vaginalis, among pregnant women in Kilifi, Kenya: a nested case-control study

Screening of curable sexually transmitted infections is frequently oriented towards the diagnosis of chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis and trichomoniasis, whereas other pathogens, sometimes associated with simila...

Authors: Simon C. Masha, Piet Cools, Patrick Descheemaeker, Marijke Reynders, Eduard J. Sanders and Mario Vaneechoutte

Epidemiology of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B and C among manual cane cutters in low-income regions of Brazil

In recent decades the epidemic of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections has extended deep into Brazil, including small towns and rural areas. The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiolog...

Authors: Déborah Ferreira Noronha de Castro Rocha, Luana Rocha da Cunha Rosa, Carla de Almeida Silva, Brunna Rodrigues de Oliveira, Thaynara Lorrane Silva Martins, Regina Maria Bringel Martins, Marcos André de Matos, Megmar Aparecida dos Santos Carneiro, Juliana Pontes Soares, Ana Cristina de Oliveira e Silva, Márcia Maria de Souza, Robert L. Cook, Karlla Antonieta Amorim Caetano and Sheila Araujo Teles

Blood-borne and sexually transmitted infections: a cross-sectional study in a Swiss prison

Incarcerated people carry a high burden of infection, including blood-borne diseases (BBDs). It is also known that one million people contract a sexually transmitted infection (STI) every day worldwide, which ...

Authors: Komal Chacowry Pala, Stéphanie Baggio, Nguyen Toan Tran, François Girardin, Hans Wolff and Laurent Gétaz

Prevalence, risk factors, and medical costs of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Shandong Province, China: a population-based, cross-sectional study

A population-based study of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections is essential in designing a specific control program; however, no large investigation of CT infections among the general population in mainland Ch...

Authors: Pengcheng Huai, Furong Li, Zhen Li, Lele Sun, Xi’an Fu, Qing Pan, Gongqi Yu, Zemin Chai, Tongsheng Chu, Zihao Mi, Fangfang Bao, Honglei Wang, Bingni Zhou, Chuan Wang, Yonghu Sun, Guiye Niu…

Prevalence and anatomical sites of human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus and herpes simplex virus infections in men who have sex with men, Khon Kaen, Thailand

Human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) cause sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that are frequently found in men who have sex with men (MSM) with human immunodeficie...

Authors: Jureeporn Chuerduangphui, Kanisara Proyrungroj, Chamsai Pientong, Saowarop Hinkan, Jiratha Budkaew, Charinya Pimson, Bandit Chumworathayi, Ploenpit Hanond and Tipaya Ekalaksananan

Syphilis reinfection is associated with an attenuated immune profile in the same individual: a prospective observational cohort study

Ascertaining if the clinical and immunological response to repeat syphilis differs from that in initial syphilis may assist in designing optimal syphilis screening strategies and vaccine design.

Authors: Chris Kenyon, Kara Krista Osbak, Tania Crucitti and Luc Kestens

Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among pregnant women and eye colonization of their neonates at birth time, Shiraz, Southern Iran

Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the two common transmissible pathogens from pregnant women to their neonates. Given the lack of routine screening and treatment of pregnant women in some areas,...

Authors: Bahman Pourabbas, Zahra Rezaei, Jalal Mardaneh, Mozhgan Shahian and Abdolvahab Alborzi

Not again! Effect of previous test results, age group and reason for testing on (re-)infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in Germany

Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is the most commonly reported sexually transmitted infection in Europe. In Germany, Ct screening is offered free of charge to pregnant women since 1995 and to women < 25 ...

Authors: Alexandra Sarah Lang, Matthias an der Heiden, Klaus Jansen, Andrea Sailer, Viviane Bremer and Sandra Dudareva

SERO-prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 among women attending routine Cervicare clinics in Ghana

Herpes simplex virus infection is a global health concern with disproportionately high burden in low and middle-income countries. There is a paucity of data on the prevalence of HSV infection in Ghana, which n...

Authors: Oksana Debrah, Francis Agyemang-Yeboah, Richard Harry Asmah, Emmanuel Timmy-Donkoh, Mohammed Mustapha Seini, Linda Ahenkorah Fondjo, Nilok Sight and Ellis Owusu-Dabo

Good concordance of HPV detection between cervico-vaginal self-samples and general practitioner-collected samples using the Cobas 4800 HPV DNA test

Studies comparing self-samples and clinician-collected samples for high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) detection using clinically validated PCR-based HPV DNA assays are limited. We measured the concordance of...

Authors: Mette Tranberg, Jørgen Skov Jensen, Bodil Hammer Bech, Jan Blaakær, Hans Svanholm and Berit Andersen

Seroprevalence of transfusion-transmissible infections among blood donors at National Blood Transfusion Service, Eritrea: a seven-year retrospective study

Blood transfusion is associated with several risks particularly exposure to blood transfusion-transmissible infections (TTI), including: Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Human immunodeficiency...

Authors: Nejat Siraj, Oliver Okoth Achila, John Issac, Efrem Menghisteab, Maedn Hailemariam, Semere Hagos, Yosan Gebremeskel and Daniel Tesfamichael

A pill for the partner via the chlamydia patient? Results from a mixed method study among sexual health care providers in the Netherlands

Chlamydia prevalence in the Netherlands remains high despite targeted efforts. Effective Partner Notification (PN) and Partner Treatment (PT) can interrupt transmission and prevent re-infections. Patient Initi...

Authors: Anita C. Nanhoe, Maartje Visser, Jurriaan J. Omlo, Anita J. C. M. Watzeels, Ingrid V. van den Broek and Hannelore M. Götz

Prevalence of self-reported symptoms of sexually transmitted infections, knowledge and sexual behaviour among youth in semi-rural Tanzania in the period of adolescent friendly health services strategy implementation

Global evidence shows that sexually transmitted infections (STIs) prevalence and sexual risk behaviours are high among youth, and knowledge about STIs is low. In Tanzania, there is limited recent evidence rega...

Authors: Ramadhani Abdul, Annette A. M. Gerritsen, Mary Mwangome and Eveline Geubbels

Linking young men who have sex with men (YMSM) to STI physicians: a nationwide cross-sectional survey in China

Many young men who have sex with men (YMSM) are reluctant to seek health services and trust local physicians. Online information seeking may encourage YMSM to identify and see trustworthy physicians, obtain se...

Authors: Bolin Cao, Peipei Zhao, Cedric Bien, Stephen Pan, Weiming Tang, Julia Watson, Guodong Mi, Yi Ding, Zhenzhou Luo and Joseph D. Tucker

Prevalence of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus and Treponema pallidum infections in hospitalized patients before transfusion in Xiangya hospital Central South University, China from 2011 to 2016

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Treponema pallidum (TP) infections are considered classic transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs). Few data are availab...

Authors: Wei-Wei Cao, Rong-Rong Zhou, Xinghua Ou, Ling-Xi Shi, Chao-Qi Xiao, Ting-Yin Chen, Hua Tan, Xue-Gong Fan, Bi-Juan Li and Ning Li

The performance of rapid plasma reagin (RPR) titer in HIV-negative general paresis after neurosyphilis therapy

Repeated nontreponemal serologic test for syphilis titers is recommended to evaluate treatment response. However, it is unknown whether serum rapid plasma reagin (RPR) titer can serve as a surrogate for determ...

Authors: Ying Jiang, Ruihui Weng, Yuefeng Zhang, Rong Fan, Yulun Liu, Zhigang Chen, Fuhua Peng, Yong Chen and Xiaohong Chen

Missed hepatitis b/c or syphilis diagnosis among Kurdish, Russian, and Somali origin migrants in Finland: linking a population-based survey to the national infectious disease register

Migrants are considered a key population at risk for sexually transmitted and blood-borne diseases in Europe. Prevalence data to support the design of infectious diseases screening protocols are scarce. We aim...

Authors: Paula Tiittala, Matti Ristola, Kirsi Liitsola, Jukka Ollgren, Päivikki Koponen, Heljä-Marja Surcel, Eija Hiltunen-Back, Irja Davidkin and Pia Kivelä

High seroprevalence of syphilis infection among pregnant women in Yiregalem hospital southern Ethiopia

Despite availability of effective treatment and the implementation of focused antenatal care (ANC), still the prevalence of syphilis persists in Ethiopia. Yet, data is not found in southern Ethiopia. Therefore...

Authors: Anteneh Amsalu, Getachew Ferede and Demissie Assegu

Development of tissue inflammation accompanied by NLRP3 inflammasome activation in rabbits infected with Treponema pallidum strain Nichols

The inflammasome responses in Treponema pallidum infection have been poorly understood to date. This study aimed to investigate the expression of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inf...

Authors: Li-Rong Lin, Yao Xiao, Wei Liu, Yu-Yan Chen, Xiao-Zhen Zhu, Zheng-Xiang Gao, Kun Gao, Man-Li Tong, Hui-Lin Zhang, Shu-Lian Li, Hui-Ling Lin, Wen-Dong Li, Xian-Ming Liang, Yong Lin, Li-Li Liu and Tian-Ci Yang

Concordance of gonorrhoea of the rectum, pharynx and urethra in same-sex male partnerships attending a sexual health service in Melbourne, Australia

We aimed to describe anatomic site-specific concordance of gonococcal infections in partnerships of men who have sex with men (MSM).

Authors: Vincent J. Cornelisse, Lei Zhang, Matthew Law, Marcus Y. Chen, Catriona S. Bradshaw, Clare Bellhouse, Christopher K. Fairley and Eric P. F. Chow

Antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Germany: low levels of cephalosporin resistance, but high azithromycin resistance

The widespread antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a serious problem for the treatment and control of gonorrhoea. Many of the previously effective therapeutic agents are no longer viable. Because...

Authors: Susanne Buder, Sandra Dudareva, Klaus Jansen, Anna Loenenbach, Sergejs Nikisins, Andrea Sailer, Eva Guhl, Peter K. Kohl and Viviane Bremer

Self-reported genital warts among sexually-active university students: a cross-sectional study

Genital warts are one of the most common forms of sexually-transmitted disease, but their epidemiology has yet to be thoroughly elucidated. The present study was designed to shed light on the prevalence of cli...

Authors: Silvia Cocchio, Chiara Bertoncello, Tatjana Baldovin, Alessandra Buja, Silvia Majori and Vincenzo Baldo

Oral human Papillomavirus DNA detection in HIV-positive men: prevalence, predictors, and co-occurrence at anal site

HIV-positive patients carry an increased risk of HPV infection and associated cancers. Therefore, prevalence and patterns of HPV infection at different anatomical sites, as well as theoretical protection of no...

Authors: Alessandra Vergori, Anna Rosa Garbuglia, Pierluca Piselli, Franca Del Nonno, Catia Sias, Federico Lupi, Daniele Lapa, Andrea Baiocchini, Claudia Cimaglia, Marco Gentile, Andrea Antinori, Maria Capobianchi and Adriana Ammassari

Long-term Lactobacillus rhamnosus BMX 54 application to restore a balanced vaginal ecosystem: a promising solution against HPV-infection

Over recent years, a growing interest has developed in microbiota and in the concept of maintaining a special balance between Lactobacillus and other bacteria species in order to promote women’s well-being. The a...

Authors: Ettore Palma, Nadia Recine, Lavinia Domenici, Margherita Giorgini, Alessandra Pierangeli and Pierluigi Benedetti Panici