Sexually transmitted diseases

High-volume workflow and performance comparisons for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae testing using automated molecular platforms

The global burden of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is high and there have been reports of increasing chlamydial and gonorrheal infections. High-volume screening programs for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) an...

Authors: André Frontzek, Gudrun Aretzweiler, Daniela Winkens, Dana Duncan and Elizabeth M. Marlowe

Early syphilis: risk factors and clinical manifestations focusing on HIV-positive patients

Since 2000, substantial increases in syphilis in men who have sex with men (MSM) have been reported in many cities. Condomless anal sex (CAS) is one of the factors, along with drugs for sex and sex in group. T...

Authors: Maider Arando, Candela Fernandez-Naval, Miriam Mota-Foix, Desi Martinez, Pere Armengol, Maria Jesús Barberá, Juliana Esperalba and Martí Vall-Mayans

Are current guidelines adapted for patient eligibility to PrEP? A case report

Despite effective antiretroviral therapy developed over the last decade, HIV infection remains a major worldwide public health problem. Recently, a promising preventive treatment has been made available for HI...

Authors: Elise K. Van Obberghen, Delphine Viard, Alain Lafeuillade, Alexandre Civiletti, Fanny Rocher and Milou-Daniel Drici

A lung abscess caused by secondary syphilis – the utility of polymerase chain reaction techniques in transbronchial biopsy: a case report

In Japan and other countries, the number of patients with syphilis is increasing year by year. Recently, the cases of the pulmonary involvement in patients with secondary syphilis have been reported. However, ...

Authors: Shinji Futami, Takayuki Takimoto, Futoshi Nakagami, Shingo Satoh, Masanari Hamaguchi, Muneyoshi Kuroyama, Kotaro Miyake, Shohei Koyama, Kota Iwahori, Haruhiko Hirata, Izumi Nagatomo, Yoshito Takeda, Hiroshi Kida and Atsushi Kumanogoh

Low concordance of oral and genital HPV infection among male patients with sexually transmitted infections in Vietnam

Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cancers in men, including penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence, the genotypes, and the risk factors of HPV i...

Authors: Hai Ha Long Le, Xiuqiong Bi, Azumi Ishizaki, Hung Van Le, Trung Vu Nguyen and Hiroshi Ichimura

Estimate of male urethritis incidences in France between 2007 and 2017 with a specific focus on Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalis infections

In a context of increasing use of Nucleic Acid Amplification Test, diagnoses of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections among men increased in Europe and USA since 2007. We aimed to describe tr...

Authors: Louise Rossignol, Laurianne Feuillepain, Ndeindo Ndeikoundam Ngangro, Cécile Souty, Nelly Fournet, Yann Le Strat, Noémie Baroux, Thomas Hanslik, Florence Lot and Thierry Blanchon

Assessing the cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccination strategies for adolescent girls and boys in the UK

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most widespread sexually transmitted infection worldwide. It causes several health consequences, in particular accounting for the majority of cervical cancer cases in women. I...

Authors: Samik Datta, Joshua Pink, Graham F. Medley, Stavros Petrou, Sophie Staniszewska, Martin Underwood, Pam Sonnenberg and Matt J. Keeling

Demographic characteristics of transfusion-transmitted infections among blood donors in China

Demographic characteristic surveillance of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) among blood donors is crucial to formulating control strategies and preventing TTIs. This study aimed to investigate the dem...

Authors: Le Chang, Junpeng Zhao, Fei Guo, Huimin Ji, Lu Zhang, Xinyi Jiang and Lunan Wang

Seroprevalence and risk factors on Syphilis among blood donors in Chengdu, China,from 2005 to 2017

High-risk population of blood donation increases the prevalence of transmit blood-borne diseases and harm the blood safety. Syphilis accounts for approximately 10% of commonly sexually transmitted diseases. Th...

Authors: Shuangli Liu, Liping Luo, Guangxiang Xi, Like Wan, Li Zhong, Xue Chen, Tianxiang Gong, Shuping Li, Yi He and Na Li

Risk factors associated with gonorrhea and chlamydia transmission in selected health facilities in Ghana

Understanding the underlying epidemiology that shapes Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC), and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections can contribute to data driven policies directed towards curbing the proliferation of the...

Authors: Helena Dela, Naiki Attram, Eric Behene, Selassie Kumordjie, Kwasi Kennedy Addo, Edward Owusu Nyarko, Nicholas N. A. Kyei, John Nii Ayite Carroll, Cynthia Kwakye, Christopher Anthony Duplessis, Nehkonti Adams, Eric Garges and Andrew Gordon Letizia

Distribution of high-risk HPV types among women in Sichuan province, China: a cross-sectional study

Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is a major cause of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cervical cancer. We investigated the prevalence of HR-HPV infection and dis...

Authors: Lixia He and Junyong He

Seroprevalence and associated factors of HSV-2 infection among general population in Shandong Province, China

Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) infection is the main cause of genital ulcer disease and increases the risk of HIV acquisition. Little information is available regards the epidemiological characteristics o...

Authors: Pengcheng Huai, Furong Li, Zhen Li, Lele Sun, Xi’an Fu, Qing Pan, Gongqi Yu, Zemin Chai, Tongsheng Chu, Zihao Mi, Fangfang Bao, Honglei Wang, Bingni Zhou, Chuan Wang, Yonghu Sun, Guiye Niu…

Factors associated with syphilis infection: a cross-sectional survey among outpatients in Asikuma Odoben Brakwa District, Ghana

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. The disease affects all ages and both sexes but more prevalent among the sexually active age group of 15–49 years. The purp...

Authors: Martin Banong-le, Samuel Kwabena Ofosu and Francis Anto

A cross-sectional analysis of factors associated with detection of oncogenic human papillomavirus in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected Kenyan women

Cervical cancer is caused by oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPV) and is one of the most common malignancies in women living in sub-Saharan Africa. Women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ...

Authors: A. Ermel, P. Tonui, M. Titus, Y. Tong, N. Wong, J. Ong’echa, K. Muthoka, S. Kiptoo, A. Moormann, J. Hogan, A. Mwangi, S. Cu-Uvin, P. J. Loehrer, O. Orang’o and D. Brown

Predictors of virological treatment failure among adult HIV patients on first-line antiretroviral therapy in Woldia and Dessie hospitals, Northeast Ethiopia: a case-control study

Virological treatment failure is a problem that a Human Immune Virus patient faces after starting treatment due to different factors. However, there were few studies done on the predictors of virological treat...

Authors: Mohammed Ahmed, Hailu Merga and Habtemu Jarso

Syphilis-attributable adverse pregnancy outcomes in China: a retrospective cohort analysis of 1187 pregnant women with different syphilis treatment

Syphilis is responsible for a substantial burden of preventable adverse outcomes in pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency of adverse pregnancy outcomes among syphilis-seropositive w...

Authors: Huihui Liu, Niannian Chen, Jia Yu, Weiming Tang, Jianrong He, Huiyun Xiao, Suifang Lin, Fang Hu, Qiong Feng, Joseph D. Tucker, Huimin Xia and Xiu Qiu

Ten years of external quality assessment (EQA) of Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Europe elucidate high reliability of data

Confidence in any diagnostic and antimicrobial susceptibility testing data is provided by appropriate and regular quality assurance (QA) procedures. In Europe, the European Gonococcal Antimicrobial Susceptibil...

Authors: Michelle J. Cole, Nerteley Quaye, Susanne Jacobsson, Michaela Day, Elizabeth Fagan, Catherine Ison, Rachel Pitt, Shila Seaton, Neil Woodford, Angelika Stary, Sonja Pleininger, Tania Crucitti, Blaženka Hunjak, Panayiota Maikanti, Steen Hoffmann, Jelena Viktorova…

Sexual health and human rights: protecting rights to promote health

Authors: Joseph D. Tucker, Benjamin M. Meier, Cecilia Devoto, Eva Szunyogova and Stefan Baral

Preventing sexually transmitted and blood borne infections (STBBIs) among sex workers: a critical review of the evidence on determinants and interventions in high-income countries

Across diverse regions globally, sex workers continue to face a disproportionate burden of HIV and other sexually transmitted and blood borne infections (STBBIs). Evidence suggests that behavioural and biomedi...

Authors: Elena Argento, Shira Goldenberg and Kate Shannon

A systematic review of selected human rights programs to improve HIV-related outcomes from 2003 to 2015: what do we know?

Repressive legal environments and widespread human rights violations act as structural impediments to efforts to engage key populations at risk of HIV infection in HIV prevention, care, and treatment efforts. ...

Authors: Anne L. Stangl, Devaki Singh, Michael Windle, Kirsty Sievwright, Katherine Footer, Alexandrina Iovita, Stella Mukasa and Stefan Baral

Development and reliability of metrics to characterize types and sources of stigma among men who have sex with men and female sex workers in Togo and Burkina Faso

Stigma is a multifaceted concept that potentiates Human Immunodeficiency Virus and sexually transmitted infection acquisition and transmission risks among key populations, including men who have sex with men (...

Authors: Ashley L. Grosso, Sosthenes C. Ketende, Shauna Stahlman, Odette Ky-Zerbo, Henri Gautier Ouedraogo, Seni Kouanda, Cesaire Samadoulougou, Marcel Lougue, Jules Tchalla, Simplice Anato, Sodji Dometo, Felicity D. Nadedjo, Vincent Pitche and Stefan D. Baral

High expression of IDO1 and TGF-β1 during recurrence and post infection clearance with Chlamydia trachomatis, are independent of host IFN-γ response

Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women continue to be a major public health concern due to their high prevalence and consequent reproductive morbidities. While antibiotics are usually efficient to clear the Ch...

Authors: Noa Ziklo, Wilhelmina M. Huston, Kuong Taing and Peter Timms

Prevalence of human papillomavirus and subtype distribution in male partners of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN): a systematic review

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is estimated to be the most common sexually transmitted infection. The present systematic review summarizes data regarding the prevalence of HPV and the distribution of sub...

Authors: Anargyros Skoulakis, Serafim Fountas, Myrto Mantzana-Peteinelli, Kleoniki Pantelidi and Efthymia Petinaki

Macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance-associated mutations in Mycoplasma genitalium in Johannesburg, South Africa, 2007–2014

Antimicrobial resistance in Mycoplasma genitalium is rising globally with resultant clinical treatment failure. We investigated the prevalence of mutations in the macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance-determin...

Authors: Etienne E. Muller, Mahlape P. Mahlangu, David A. Lewis and Ranmini S. Kularatne

Perspectives on male partner notification and treatment for syphilis among antenatal women and their partners in Kampala and Wakiso districts, Uganda

Syphilis screening can be successfully integrated into antenatal clinics, and potentially avert significant morbidity and mortality to unborn infants. A minority of male partners report for testing and treatme...

Authors: Edith Nakku-Joloba, Juliet Kiguli, Christine Nalwadda Kayemba, Adeline Twimukye, Joshua Kimeze Mbazira, Rosalind Parkes-Ratanshi, Monica Birungi, Joshua Kyenkya, Josaphat Byamugisha, Charlotte Gaydos and Yukari C. Manabe

Oral-genital human papillomavirus infection in Polish couples: frequent detection of HPV 42

Human papillomavirus (HPV) contributes to the development of cervical and oropharyngeal tumors. The increased incidence of HPV associated oropharyngeal tumors is lately being observed also in Polish population...

Authors: Katarzyna Kiwerska, Agata Jozefiak, Janina Markowska, Witold Kedzia, Joanna Jackowska and Malgorzata Wierzbicka

Quantitative evaluation of an innovation contest to enhance a sexual health campaign in China

Crowdsourcing method is an excellent tool for developing tailored interventions to improve sexual health. We evaluated the implementation of an innovation contest for sexual health promotion in China.

Authors: Ye Zhang, Songyuan Tang, Katherine Li, Lai Sze Tso, Barry L. Bayus, David Glidden, Bin Yang, Heping Zheng, Chongyi Wei, Joseph Tucker and Weiming Tang

Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus among 9945 women from the Nanhai area of Foshan

To provide a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer (CC), we investigated the distribution characteristics and genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) and the prevalence of multip...

Authors: Xiao-wen Yuan, Yi-Jian Li, Quan Qiu, Zi-yuan Luo and Xue-feng Zhao

Prevalence and associated factors of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among female commercial sex workers in Hawassa City, Southern Ethiopia

Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most common pathogens causing genital tract infections. Female commercial sex workers (FCSWs) are the key population to be affected by sexually transmitted ...

Authors: Alelign Tadele, Siraj Hussen and Techalew Shimelis

Chlamydia trachomatis screening in urine among asymptomatic men attending an STI clinic in Paris: a cross-sectional study

The incidence of Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) urethritis has been increasing for the past 10 years. There is little data regarding the screening of Ct infection in asymptomatic men in France, despite the national r...

Authors: Paul Rondeau, Nadia Valin, Dominique Decré, Pierre-Marie Girard, Karine Lacombe and Laure Surgers

Prevalence and incidence of genital warts and cervical Human Papillomavirus infections in Nigerian women

Genital warts are important causes of morbidity and their prevalence and incidence can be used to evaluate the impact of HPV vaccination in a population.

Authors: Eileen O. Dareng, Sally N. Adebamowo, Ayotunde Famooto, Oluwatoyosi Olawande, Michael K. Odutola, Yinka Olaniyan, Richard A. Offiong, Paul P. Pharoah and Clement A. Adebamowo

Comparison of an in-house real-time duplex PCR assay with commercial HOLOGIC® APTIMA assays for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in urine and extra-genital specimens

Extra-genital Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections are mostly asymptomatic, and important reservoir sites of infection as they often go undetected and may be more difficult to eradicate with...

Authors: Johanna M. E. Venter, Precious M. Mahlangu, Etienne E. Müller, David A. Lewis, Kevin Rebe, Helen Struthers, James McIntyre and Ranmini S. Kularatne

Human papillomavirus infection & anal cytological abnormalities in HIV-positive men in eastern India

Oncogenic Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are closely associated with anal cancer which is high among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected males. There are no data regarding anal HPV infection and...

Authors: Abhilasha Gautam, Jaya Chakravarty, Vijay Kumar Singh, Amrita Ghosh, Shashi Bhushan Chauhan, Madhukar Rai and Shyam Sundar

Lymphogranuloma venereum is on the rise in Belgium among HIV negative men who have sex with men: surveillance data from 2011 until the end of June 2017

The number of cases of Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is increasing in Europe. The described epidemic is mostly confined to HIV positive men who have sex with men (MSM). However, dissemination of LGV from HIV ...

Authors: Irith De Baetselier, Achilleas Tsoumanis, Ruth Verbrugge, Bénédicte De Deken, Hilde Smet, Saïd Abdellati, Vicky Cuylaerts, Ludwig Apers and Tania Crucitti

Gonorrhea and chlamydia prevalence in different anatomical sites among men who have sex with men: a cross-sectional study in Guangzhou, China

A high rectal and oropharyngeal sexually transmitted infection (STI) burden has been reported among men who have sex with men (MSM) in many regions, but little data exists on rectal and oropharyngeal STIs amon...

Authors: Li-Gang Yang, Xiao-Hui Zhang, Pei-Zhen Zhao, Zheng-Yu Chen, Wu-Jian Ke, Xu-Qi Ren, Liu-Yuan Wang, Wei-Ying Chen and Joseph D. Tucker

Comparison of rRNA-based and DNA-based nucleic acid amplifications for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum in urogenital swabs

Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) are well-accepted in diagnosis and surveillance of sexually infectious pathogens worldwide. However, performance differences between a RNA-based NAAT and DNA-based NAAT ...

Authors: Yuying Liang, Xin Jin, Fang Yuan, Zhanjia Li and Shuiping Chen

Differences in Chlamydia trachomatis seroprevalence between ethnic groups cannot be fully explained by socioeconomic status, sexual healthcare seeking behavior or sexual risk behavior: a cross-sectional analysis in the HEalthy LIfe in an Urban Setting (HELIUS) study

In the Netherlands, there are strong disparities in Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) prevalence between ethnic groups. The current study aims to identify whether socioeconomic status, sexual risk behavior and sexual he...

Authors: Sebastiaan H. Hulstein, Amy Matser, Catharina J. Alberts, Marieke B. Snijder, Martina Willhauck-Fleckenstein, Katrin Hufnagel, Maria Prins, Henry J. C. de Vries, Maarten F. Schim van der Loeff and Tim Waterboer

Stably high azithromycin resistance and decreasing ceftriaxone susceptibility in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in 25 European countries, 2016

The European Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (Euro-GASP) performs annual sentinel surveillance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae susceptibility to therapeutically relevant antimicrobials across the Europea...

Authors: Michaela J. Day, Gianfranco Spiteri, Susanne Jacobsson, Neil Woodford, Andrew J. Amato-Gauci, Michelle J. Cole and Magnus Unemo

Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium infections in Cuban patients: an underestimated health problem

The increasing prevalence of macrolide resistant Mycoplasma genitalium is a major concern worldwide. In Cuba, several cases of clinical treatment failure with 1 g single dose and extended azithromycin regimen hav...

Authors: Brian Arturo Mondeja, Javier Couri, Nadia Maria Rodríguez, Orestes Blanco, Carmen Fernández and Jørgen Skov Jensen

Prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis infection among reproductive age women in sub Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common curable sexual transmitted bacterial infection in the world, including Sub-Saharan Africa. There is nil systematic review and meta-analysis on Chlamydia trachomatis infect...

Authors: Siraj Hussen, Demelash Wachamo, Zemenu Yohannes and Endale Tadesse

Lack of association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy / tropical spastic paraparesis development in patients from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a progressive neurological and inflammatory disease, associated with HTLV-1 infection. HAM/TSP neurological disease is a consequence of an...

Authors: Doris Schor, Luís Cristóvão Porto, Eric Henrique Roma, Marcel de Souza Borges Quintana, Gustavo Milson Fabricio-Silva, Maria Gloria Bonecini-Almeida, Abelardo Queiroz-Campos Araújo and Maria Jose Andrada-Serpa

A prospective cohort study to evaluate immunosuppressive cytokines as predictors of viral persistence and progression to pre-malignant lesion in the cervix in women infected with HR-HPV: study protocol

Cervical cancer (CC) is caused by a persistent infection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV). While most HPV infections are transient, persistent HPV infections are a significant health problem in Mexic...

Authors: K. Torres-Poveda, M. Bahena-Román, K. Delgado-Romero and V. Madrid-Marina

Study protocol of the iMPaCT project: a longitudinal cohort study assessing psychological determinants, sexual behaviour and chlamydia (re)infections in heterosexual STI clinic visitors

Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia), the most commonly reported sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the Netherlands, can lead to severe reproductive complications. Reasons for the sustained chlamydia prevalence...

Authors: Daphne A. van Wees, Janneke C. M. Heijne, Titia Heijman, Karlijn C. J. G. Kampman, Karin Westra, Anne de Vries, Mirjam E. E. Kretzschmar and Chantal den Daas

Urogenital pathogens, associated with Trichomonas vaginalis, among pregnant women in Kilifi, Kenya: a nested case-control study

Screening of curable sexually transmitted infections is frequently oriented towards the diagnosis of chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis and trichomoniasis, whereas other pathogens, sometimes associated with simila...

Authors: Simon C. Masha, Piet Cools, Patrick Descheemaeker, Marijke Reynders, Eduard J. Sanders and Mario Vaneechoutte

Epidemiology of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B and C among manual cane cutters in low-income regions of Brazil

In recent decades the epidemic of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections has extended deep into Brazil, including small towns and rural areas. The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiolog...

Authors: Déborah Ferreira Noronha de Castro Rocha, Luana Rocha da Cunha Rosa, Carla de Almeida Silva, Brunna Rodrigues de Oliveira, Thaynara Lorrane Silva Martins, Regina Maria Bringel Martins, Marcos André de Matos, Megmar Aparecida dos Santos Carneiro, Juliana Pontes Soares, Ana Cristina de Oliveira e Silva, Márcia Maria de Souza, Robert L. Cook, Karlla Antonieta Amorim Caetano and Sheila Araujo Teles

Blood-borne and sexually transmitted infections: a cross-sectional study in a Swiss prison

Incarcerated people carry a high burden of infection, including blood-borne diseases (BBDs). It is also known that one million people contract a sexually transmitted infection (STI) every day worldwide, which ...

Authors: Komal Chacowry Pala, Stéphanie Baggio, Nguyen Toan Tran, François Girardin, Hans Wolff and Laurent Gétaz

Prevalence, risk factors, and medical costs of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Shandong Province, China: a population-based, cross-sectional study

A population-based study of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections is essential in designing a specific control program; however, no large investigation of CT infections among the general population in mainland Ch...

Authors: Pengcheng Huai, Furong Li, Zhen Li, Lele Sun, Xi’an Fu, Qing Pan, Gongqi Yu, Zemin Chai, Tongsheng Chu, Zihao Mi, Fangfang Bao, Honglei Wang, Bingni Zhou, Chuan Wang, Yonghu Sun, Guiye Niu…

Prevalence and anatomical sites of human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus and herpes simplex virus infections in men who have sex with men, Khon Kaen, Thailand

Human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) cause sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that are frequently found in men who have sex with men (MSM) with human immunodeficie...

Authors: Jureeporn Chuerduangphui, Kanisara Proyrungroj, Chamsai Pientong, Saowarop Hinkan, Jiratha Budkaew, Charinya Pimson, Bandit Chumworathayi, Ploenpit Hanond and Tipaya Ekalaksananan

Syphilis reinfection is associated with an attenuated immune profile in the same individual: a prospective observational cohort study

Ascertaining if the clinical and immunological response to repeat syphilis differs from that in initial syphilis may assist in designing optimal syphilis screening strategies and vaccine design.

Authors: Chris Kenyon, Kara Krista Osbak, Tania Crucitti and Luc Kestens

Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among pregnant women and eye colonization of their neonates at birth time, Shiraz, Southern Iran

Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the two common transmissible pathogens from pregnant women to their neonates. Given the lack of routine screening and treatment of pregnant women in some areas,...

Authors: Bahman Pourabbas, Zahra Rezaei, Jalal Mardaneh, Mozhgan Shahian and Abdolvahab Alborzi