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Table 1 Summary table of PE frequencies by severity, age group and imaging modality

From: Frequency of pleural effusion in dengue patients by severity, age and imaging modality: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Category

Mean age, years (range)

Children, n(%)

Male, %

Hospitalized, n(%)

Secondary infection, %

Ultrasound, n(%)

Frequency of PE*

Heterogeneity (I2)

Severity

P-trend <0.001

Uncomplicated

12 (8 to 36)

13 (50%)

-

25 (96%)

52

11 (42%)

17% [95%CI 12 to 22%]

96%

References: [10, 17, 20, 30, 32, 39, 43, 49, 53, 56, 58, 65, 67, 71, 74,75,76, 98]

Mixed

28 (8 to 34)

10 (36%)

59

23 (82%)

55

13 (46%)

29% [95%CI 22 to 35%]

99%

References: [9, 18, 21, 23, 25, 27, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52, 55, 57, 63, 68, 72, 81,82,83, 85, 89,90,91]

Complicated

10 (8 to 32)

23 (49%)

53

44 (94%)

82

18 (38%)

48% [95%CI 38 to 59%]

98%

References: [10, 17, 19, 20, 28,29,30, 32, 34, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49,50,51, 53, 56, 58, 62, 64,65,66,67, 69,70,71, 73,74,75,76,77, 79, 80, 84, 86,87,88, 93, 95,96,97,98]

Age group

P-trend = 0.005

Children

8 (8 to 10)

-

52

42 (89%)

82

19 (40%)

43% [95%CI 34 to 51%]

98%

References: [10, 19, 20, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 46,47,48,49,50, 62, 66,67,68,69, 71, 74, 75, 77, 80, 82,83,84,85, 87, 90, 91, 98]

Mixed

32 (29 to 37)

-

64

36 (88%)

42

23 (56%)

39% [95%CI 29 to 49%]

99%

References: [9, 17, 18, 22, 27, 30, 33,34,35,36,37, 40, 43, 45, 51, 55, 56, 59, 60, 63, 64, 70, 72, 73, 76, 78, 79, 81, 88, 93, 95, 97]

Adults

41 (32 to 50)

-

54

11 (85%)

66

8 (62%)

13% [95%CI 9 to 17%]

96%

References: [21, 24, 26, 38, 42, 52,53,54, 61, 65, 94]

Imaging

P-trend = 0.010

Ultrasound

28 (10 to 36)

14 (32%)

61

35 (80%)

47

-

38% [95%CI 31 to 46%]

99%

References: [4, 9, 17, 20,21,22, 24, 34, 35, 37,38,39,40, 51, 54,55,56, 59,60,61,62,63,64,65, 68, 69, 72,73,74,75, 78, 80, 81, 83,84,85, 90,91,92, 94, 95, 97, 98]

Chest X-ray

8 (8 to 26)

19 (51%)

60

34 (92%)

81

-

28% [95%CI 22 to 34%]

98%

References: [10, 18,19,20, 22, 23, 26,27,28,29,30,31, 33, 34, 41, 43, 45,46,47,48,49,50, 57, 58, 66, 71, 74, 77, 82, 84, 86,87,88,89, 93, 96, 98]

Mix ultrasound and chest X-ray

45 (38 to 50)

3 (30%)

50

8 (80%)

84

-

26% [95%CI 19 to 33%]

98%

References: [25, 32, 36, 42, 44, 52, 53, 67, 70, 79]

Computed tomography

58 (58 to 58)

0 (0%)

62

2 (100%)

34

-

59% [95%CI 47 to 71%]

-

References: [41, 76]

  1. *P was calculated using Cuzick’s non-parametric test for trend [16]
  2. CI = confidence interval, PE = pleural effusion