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Table 5 Unadjusted and adjusted Hazard Ratios for all-cause mortality in index participants

From: Causes and risk factors of death among people who inject drugs in Indonesia, Ukraine and Vietnam: findings from HPTN 074 randomized trial

 

Unadjusted Cox Model

Adjusted Cox Model1

Multivariable Cox Model2

HR

95% CI3

p-value4

aHR

95% CI3

p-value4

aHR

95% CI3

p-value4

Age

1.00

0.96, 1.05

0.981

1.01

0.96, 1.06

0.670

1.00

0.95, 1.05

0.980

Gender

  

0.003

  

0.012

  

0.005

 Female

REF

  

REF

  

REF

 

 Male

4.13

1.53,16.92

 

3.66

1.29,15.39

 

4.23

1.46,17.94

Study site

  

0.006

  

0.028

  

0.082

 Indonesia

REF

  

REF

  

REF

 

 Ukraine

0.37

0.19, 0.68

 

0.46

0.23, 0.86

 

0.62

0.26, 1.40

 Vietnam

0.56

0.32, 0.98

 

0.52

0.29, 0.91

 

0.50

0.27, 0.92

Study arm

  

0.019

  

0.015

  

0.013

 SOC

REF

  

REF

  

REF

  

 Intervention

0.46

0.21, 0.89

 

0.45

0.21, 0.87

 

0.44

0.20, 0.85

 

Alcohol use in the past 3 months

  

0.019

  

0.012

   

 Non Hazardous alcohol use

REF

  

REF

     

 Hazardous alcohol use

0.46

0.21, 0.89

 

0.44

0.20, 0.84

    

Injecting opioids in the past 3 months

  

0.009

  

0.049

   

 No

REF

  

REF

     

 Yes

0.41

0.22, 0.79

 

0.50

0.26, 1.00

    

Injecting stimulants in the past 3 months

  

0.023

  

0.160

   

 No

REF

  

REF

     

 Yes

0.36

0.11, 0.88

 

0.49

0.14, 1.29

    

Injecting other drugs in the past 3 months

  

0.005

  

0.038

   

 No

REF

  

REF

     

 Yes

0.32

0.11, 0.73

 

0.35

0.11, 0.95

    

No injecting drug use in the past 3 months

  

0.013

  

0.077

   

 No

REF

  

REF

     

 Yes

2.39

1.21, 4.48

 

1.91

0.93, 3.76

    

Injecting polydrug use in the past 3 months

  

< 0.001

  

0.006

  

0.005

 No

REF

  

REF

  

REF

  

 Yes

0.29

0.12, 0.60

 

0.29

0.11, 0.71

 

0.28

0.10, 0.69

 

 # of days of injecting drugs use in the past month

1.00

0.98, 1.02

0.851

1.01

0.99, 1.03

0.381

   

Non-injecting opioids use in the past 3 months

  

0.253

  

0.271

   

 No

REF

  

REF

     

 Yes

0.48

0.08, 1.54

 

0.49

0.08, 1.61

    

Non-injecting stimulants use in the past 3 months

  

0.289

  

0.755

   

 No

REF

  

REF

     

 Yes

1.32

0.78, 2.17

 

0.91

0.50, 1.62

    

Non-injecting other drug use in the past 3 months

  

0.206

  

0.124

   

 No

REF

  

REF

     

 Yes

0.73

0.45, 1.19

 

0.67

0.40, 1.12

    

No non-injecting drug use in the past 3 months

  

0.230

  

0.040

  

0.088

 No

REF

  

REF

  

REF

  

 Yes

1.36

0.82, 2.23

 

1.78

1.03, 3.05

 

1.62

0.93, 2.78

 

Non-injecting polydrug use in the past 3 months

  

0.809

  

0.484

   

 No

REF

  

REF

     

 Yes

1.08

0.57, 1.89

 

0.80

0.41, 1.47

    

OAT status

  

0.844

  

0.912

   

 Ever used

REF

  

REF

     

 OAT naive

1.05

0.64, 1.71

 

0.97

0.59, 1.60

    

ART status

  

0.315

  

0.327

   

 ART naive

REF

  

REF

     

 previously on ART

0.47

0.11, 1.31

 

0.47

0.11, 1.32

    

 current on ART

0.78

0.45, 1.32

 

0.78

0.44, 1.36

    

Depression

  

0.837

  

0.052

  

0.012

 no/mild

REF

  

REF

  

REF

  

 moderate/severe

1.06

0.58, 1.85

 

2.06

0.99, 4.11

 

2.55

1.24, 5.01

 

Internalized stigma

  

0.725

  

0.675

   

 No

REF

  

REF

     

 Yes

0.91

0.56, 1.51

 

0.90

0.54, 1.50

    

Experienced stigma

  

0.490

  

0.423

   

 No

REF

  

REF

     

 Yes

0.82

0.44, 1.43

 

0.79

0.42, 1.39

    

Anticipated stigma

  

0.125

  

0.097

  

0.043

 No

REF

  

REF

  

REF

  

 Yes

0.68

0.42, 1.11

 

0.65

0.40, 1.08

 

0.59

0.36, 0.98

 

Total stigma

  

0.171

  

0.143

   

 No

REF

  

REF

     

 Yes

0.67

0.40, 1.19

 

0.65

0.38, 1.16

    

Viral suppression

  

0.036

  

0.084

   

 ≥ 40 copies/mL

REF

  

REF

     

 < 40 copies/mL

0.43

0.16, 0.95

 

0.49

0.18, 1.09

    

CD4 count

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

 < 200 cells/μL

REF

  

REF

  

REF

  

 ≥ 200 cells/μL

0.28

0.17, 0.46

 

0.31

0.19, 0.50

 

0.29

0.17, 0.47

 
  1. 1 Age, gender, site, arm was adjusted for in the Adjusted Cox Models
  2. 2 Those significant in the adjusted cox model were selected in this model with conservative cutoff point of 0.1. adjusting for age, gender, site, arm, only those with p-value < 0.1 will be left in the final model
  3. 3 Profile likelihood 95% confidence interval
  4. 4 Logrank type3 p-value