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Table 1 Crude Mortality Rates (CMR) and Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMR) for index participants, by Key Strata

From: Causes and risk factors of death among people who inject drugs in Indonesia, Ukraine and Vietnam: findings from HPTN 074 randomized trial

Variable

No. of Deaths

Person-Years

CMR per 100PY [95% CI]a

SMR [95% CI]b

Overall

66

633.01

10.4 [8.1, 13.3]

30.7 [23.7, 39.0]

Gender

 Female

3

106.90

2.8 [0.6, 8.2]

17.2 [3.6, 50.4]

 Male

63

526.11

12.0 [9.2, 15.3]

31.9 [24.5, 40.8]

Study site

 Indonesia

26

142.61

18.2 [11.9, 26.7]

96.6 [63.1, 142]

 Ukraine

16

247.84

6.5 [3.7, 10.5]

13.2 [7.5, 21.4]

 Vietnam

24

242.56

9.9 [6.3, 14.7]

35.9 [23.0, 53.5]

Study site by Gender

 Indonesia – Female

0

13.13

0.0 [0.0, 28.1]

0.0 [0.0, 212.8]

 Indonesia – Male

26

129.48

20.1 [13.1, 29.4]

103 [67.5, 151.3]

 Ukraine – Female

3

92.16

3.3 [0.7, 9.5]

19.3 [4.0, 56.5]

 Ukraine – Male

13

155.68

8.4 [4.5, 14.3]

12.3 [6.5, 21.0]

 Vietnam – Female

0

1.60

0.0 [0.0, 230.2]

0.0 [0.0, 2348.9]

 Vietnam – Male

24

240.95

10.0 [6.4, 14.8]

36.0 [23.1, 53.6]

Study arm

 SOC

57

472.22

12.1 [9.1, 15.6]

35.6 [27.0, 46.1]

 Intervention

9

160.79

5.6 [2.6, 10.6]

16.3 [7.5, 31.0]

Alcohol use in the past 3 months

 Non-hazardous alcohol use

53

431.75

12.3 [9.2, 16.1]

40.0 [30.0, 52.3]

 Hazardous alcohol use

13

201.26

6.5 [3.4, 11.1]

15.7 [8.4, 26.9]

Injected opioids in the past 3 months

 No

15

121.29

12.4 [6.9, 20.4]

53.7 [30.1, 88.6]

 Yes

51

511.72

10.0 [7.4, 13.1]

27.2 [20.3, 35.8]

Injected stimulants in the past 3 months

 No

62

550.59

11.3 [8.6, 14.4]

35.1 [26.9, 45.0]

 Yes

4

82.42

4.9 [1.3, 12.4]

10.4 [2.8, 26.5]

Injected other drugs in the past 3 months

 No

61

500.08

12.2 [9.3, 15.7]

40.7 [31.1, 52.2]

 Yes

5

132.93

3.8 [1.2, 8.8]

7.7 [2.5, 17.9]

No injecting drug use in the past 3 months

 No

52

516.29

10.1 [7.5, 13.2]

27.5 [20.6, 36.1]

 Yes

14

116.72

12.0 [6.6, 20.1]

53.5 [29.3, 89.8]

Injecting polydrug use in the past 3 months

 No

59

456.33

12.9 [9.8, 16.7]

45.1 [34.4, 58.2]

 Yes

7

176.67

4.0 [1.6, 8.2]

8.3 [3.3, 17.1]

Non-injected opioid use in the past 3 months

 No

64

596.37

10.7 [8.3, 13.7]

31.2 [24.0, 39.8]

 Yes

2

36.63

5.5 [0.7, 19.7]

20.5 [2.5, 74.1]

Non-injected stimulant use in the past 3 months

 No

43

461.43

9.3 [6.7, 12.6]

25.1 [18.2, 33.8]

 Yes

23

171.57

13.4 [8.5, 20.1]

52.4 [33.2, 78.6]

Non-injecting other drug use in the past 3 months

 No

35

280.60

12.5 [8.7, 17.4]

40.6 [28.3, 56.5]

 Yes

31

352.41

8.8 [6.0, 12.5]

24.0 [16.3, 34.1]

No non-injecting drug use in the past 3 months

 No

41

436.69

9.4 [6.7, 12.7]

27.6 [19.8, 37.5]

 Yes

25

196.31

12.7 [8.2, 18.8]

37.5 [24.2, 55.3]

Non-injecting polydrug use in the past 3 months

 No

52

511.98

10.2 [7.6, 13.3]

28.6 [21.4, 37.5]

 Yes

14

121.03

11.6 [6.3, 19.4]

42.0 [23.0, 70.5]

OAT status

 ever used

33

349.54

9.4 [6.5, 13.3]

28.2 [19.4, 39.6]

 OAT naïve

33

283.46

11.6 [8.0, 16.4]

33.7 [23.2, 47.3]

ART status

 ART naïve

38

253.26

15.0 [10.6, 20.6]

40.7 [28.8, 55.9]

 previously on ART

3

53.80

5.6 [1.2, 16.3]

18.8 [3.9, 55.0]

 current on ART

25

325.95

7.7 [5.0, 11.3]

23.6 [15.3, 34.9]

Depression

 no/mild

51

512.93

9.9 [7.4, 13.1]

31.6 [23.5, 41.5]

 moderate/severe

15

120.08

12.5 [7.0, 20.6]

28.0 [15.7, 46.2]

Internalized stigma

 No

27

270.31

10.0 [6.6, 14.5]

26.9 [17.7, 39.2]

 Yes

39

362.70

10.8 [7.7, 14.7]

34.0 [24.2, 46.4]

Experienced stigma

 No

51

495.83

10.3 [7.7, 13.5]

30.7 [22.8, 40.3]

 Yes

15

137.18

10.9 [6.1, 18.0]

30.8 [17.2, 50.8]

Anticipated stigma

 No

29

234.27

12.4 [8.3, 17.8]

34.1 [22.9, 49.0]

 Yes

37

398.74

9.3 [6.5, 12.8]

28.4 [20.0, 39.2]

Total stigma

 No

18

147.21

12.2 [7.3, 19.3]

32.6 [19.3, 51.5]

 Yes

48

485.80

9.9 [7.3, 13.1]

30.0 [22.1, 39.8]

Viral suppression

 ≥ 40 copies/mL

60

468.00

12.8 [9.8, 16.5]

38.9 [29.7, 50.0]

 < 40 copies/mL

6

165.01

3.6 [1.3, 7.9]

9.9 [3.6, 21.5]

CD4 count

 < 200 cells/μL

39

187.63

20.8 [14.8, 28.4]

60.6 [43.1, 82.8]

 ≥ 200 cells/μL

27

445.38

6.1 [4.0, 8.8]

17.9 [11.8, 26.1]

  1. a Based upon person-time between study enrollment and either the date of death or last follow-up visit. For time-varying covariates, the amount of person time was determined based on the value at the end of each follow-up interval. Exact confidence intervals were calculated using the Poisson distribution
  2. b Calculated as the observed number of deaths divided by the number of deaths that would be expected according to the data from the Global Burden of Disease Study, separately for males and females, each 5-year age category, and each country