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Table 1 The influence of multiple Tat amino acid deletions/insertions on Tat-TAR binding affinity

From: HIV-1 Tat amino acid residues that influence Tat-TAR binding affinity: a scoping review

Tat amino acid region

Addition/remove

Binding affinity (Kd)

Percentage increase/decrease in binding affinity

Technique

References

47–58

Addition of N-terminal residues FITKALGIS (38–58)

6 × 10−9 M

No difference

EMSA

[69]

Addition of C-terminal “SGQ” (48–62)

3 × 10−9 M

50% increase

EMSA

[69]

Addition of N-terminal “FTKKALGIS” and C-terminal “EDSQTHQVSLPKQ” (38–72)- N terminal rhodamine (rho)

1.0 × 10–9

52% increase

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)

[76]

Addition of N-terminal “FTKKALGIS” and C-terminal “EDSQTHQVSLPKQC” (38–72)- C terminal rho

3.1 × 10–10

85% increase

FRET

[76]

Addition of C-terminal “PQGSQT” (47–64)

8.7 × 10–7 M

66% increase

Gel shift assay, CD Spectroscopy and SPR

[77]

Addition of C-terminal “PQGSQTHR” (47–66)

9.3 × 10–7

64% increase

Gel shift assay, CD Spectroscopy and SPR

[77]

Addition of C-terminal “QTHQVSLSKQ” (48–72)

5 × 10−9 M

Increased

Gel retardation assays

[78]

Addition of C-terminal “QTHQVSLSKQPTSQPRGDPTGPKE” (48–86)

5 × 10−9 M

Increased

Gel retardation assays

[78]

1–86

Removal of N-terminal residues 1–29

No binding

No binding

EMSA and SPR

[81]

Removal of N-terminal residues 1–36 and C-terminal residues 73–86 (Peptide 37–72)

8.4 × 10–8

1153.73% decrease

EMSA and dual-label filter binding assay

[36]

Removal of N-terminal residues 1–42 and C-terminal residues 73–86 (Peptide 43–72)

7.6 × 10–8

1034% decrease

EMSA and dual-label filter binding assay

[36]

Removal of N-terminal residues 1–47 and C-terminal residues 73–86 (Peptide 48–72)

3.0 × 10–7

4377% decrease

EMSA and dual-label filter binding assay

[36]

Removal of N-terminal residues 1–31 and C-terminal residues 73–86 (Peptide 32–72)

2.1 × 10–7

3034% decrease

EMSA and dual-label filter binding assay

[36]

Removal of N-terminal residues 1–48 (Peptide 49–86)

5.3 × 10–8

691% decrease

EMSA and dual-label filter binding assay

[36]