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Table 1 Characteristics of the 64 cases of BKV associated nephropathy and matched controls

From: Characteristics, risk factors and outcome of BKV nephropathy in kidney transplant recipients: a case–control study

Variable

BKVN cases (N = 64)

n (%); median [IQR]

Controls (N = 64)

n (%); median [IQR]

p-value

Demographic features

   

Age at the time of KT (years)

53 [43–61]

52 [43–61]

0.88

Male sex

37 (58)

45 (70)

0.2

Ethnicity

  

0.36

 Caucasian

34 (53)

26 (41)

 

 African

25 (39)

30 (47)

 

 Other *

5 (8)

8 (12)

 

Primary kidney disease

  

0.36

 Vascular and/or diabetes

20 (31)

21 (33)

 

 Chronic glomerulonephritis

19 (30)

19 (30)

 

 Interstitial nephropathy

7 (11)

6 (9)

 

 Other**

18 (28)

18 (28)

 

Diabetes mellitus

20 (31)

19 (30)

0.92

Characteristics of KT

   

Duration of pre-transplantation dialysis (months)

43.5 [12–72]

47.5 [22–81]

0.47

CMV serostatus donor / recipient (NA = 1)

  

0.85

 D + /R−

8 (13)

5 (8)

 

 D−/R−

5 (8)

5 (8)

 

 D + /R + 

33 (52)

34 (54)

 

 D−/R + 

17 (27)

19 (30)

 

First transplantation

50 (78)

55 (87)

0.49

Deceased donor

51 (80)

51 (80)

1

c-PRA score

50 [6–90]

12.5 [0–50]

0.002

HLA mismatch

4 [3–4.5]

4 [2–4]

0.26

Cold ischemia time (hours)

14 [7–16]

14 [8–20]

0.54

Delayed graft function

11 (17)

23 (36)

0.028

Induction therapy

  

0.98

 ATG

63 (98)

62 (97)

 

 Basiliximab

1 (2)

2 (3)

 

Maintenance therapy

  

0.26

 Dual therapy

17 (27)

23 (36)

 

 Triple therapy

47 (73)

41 (64)

 

Events between KT and BKVN diagnosis (or index date for controls)

  

Acute rejection episode

11 (17)

7 (11)

0.43

 Antibody-mediated

8

4

 

 Cellular-mediated

1

2

 

 Mixed rejection

2

1

 

Treatment for acute rejection

   

 Solumedrol pulses

10 (16)

7 (11)

0.6

 IV Immunoglobulin administration

5 (8)

6 (9)

1

 Plasma exchange

9 (14)

6 (9)

0.58

 Anti-CD20

6 (9)

4 (6)

0.74

Plasma CMV reactivation

36 (58)

29 (46)

0.77

Data at BKVN diagnosis (or index date for controls)

   

Immunosuppressive regimen

   

 Corticosteroid

48 (75)

42 (66)

0.33

  Median dose (mg/day)

10 [5–10]

5 [0–10]

0.005

 Mycophenolic acid

63 (98)

64 (100)

0.96

 Tacrolimus

49 (77)

45 (70)

0.55

 Ciclosporin

13 (20)

16 (25)

0.67

 m-TOR inhibitors

2 (3)

2 (3)

1

Biological data

   

 Serum creatinine level (µmol/L)

205 [142–269]

126 [100–159]

 < 0.0001

 Lymphocyte count (/mm3)

425 [300–700]

585 [368–950]

0.12

 Gamma-globulin level (g/L)

9 [7–11]

9.2 [7–11]

0.63

  1. p < 0.05 values are statistically significant and shown in bold
  2. ATG anti-thymocyte globulin, BKVN BK-virus associated nephropathy, CMV cytomegalovirus, c-PRA calculated panel reactive antibody, DSA donor-specific antibodies, HLA human leucocyte antigen, IQR interquartile range, IV intra-venous, KT kidney transplantation, NA missing data
  3. *Caribbean (N = 3, 5% in cases / N = 6, 9% in controls), Asian (N = 2, 3% in both groups)
  4. **Undetermined (N = 12, 19%), polycystic kidney disease (N = 6, 9%) in both groups