Table 4 Detailed breakdown of direct medical cost components (median, IQR), in 2022 US dollars

Total direct medical costs

22 (13–32)

26 (16–32)

21 (13–32)

0.35

84 (50–135)

68 (47–102)

91 (59–153)

0.001

1996 (937–3786)

Medication costs

15 (9–20)

15 (8–18)

15 (9–20)

0.46

9 (4–19)

10 (4–21)

9 (5–19)

0.85

114 (20–678)

 Antibiotics

3 (2–5)

2 (1–4)

3 (2–5)

0.06

2 (1–4)

1 (1–3)

2 (1–5)

0.003

82 (2–705)

 Corticosteroids

1 (0–1)

0 (0–0)

1 (0–1)

0.16

0 (0–0)

0 (0–1)

0 (0–0)

0.33

0 (0–17)

 Bronchodilator oral

1 (1–1)

1 (1–1)

1 (1–1)

0.16

1 (1–1)

1 (0–1)

1 (1–1)

0.95

0 (0–0)

 Bronchodilator inhalation

1 (1–3)

2 (1–3)

1 (1–3)

0.94

5 (2–18)

11 (2–18)

4 (2–17)

0.48

7 (2–13)

 Other drugs

4 (3–6)

4 (3–5)

4 (3–7)

0.25

2 (2–4)

2 (2–3)

2 (2–4)

0.04

52 (11–367)

Laboratory costs

0 (0–2)

0 (0–2)

0 (0–2)

0.88

2 (2–13)

2 (0–3)

4 (2–17)

< 0.001

193 (64–359)

Imaging costs

3 (3–5)

3 (3–3)

3 (3–5)

0.85

6 (3–16)

3 (3–12)

6 (3–16)

0.03

28 (10–85)

 Chest X-ray

3 (3–3)

3 (3–3)

3 (3–3)

0.80

3 (3–6)

3 (3–3)

3 (3–6)

0.37

6 (4–11)

 Echocardiogram

9 (9–9)

9 (9–9)

9 (9–9)

N/A

7 (1–12)

0 (0–0)

7 (1–12)

N/A

3 (3–3)

 Ultrasound

2 (2–9)

2 (2–2)

2 (2–9)

0.43

13 (2–13)

2 (2–4)

13 (4–13)

< 0.001

8 (3–10)

Procedure & service costs

6 (3–11)

8 (4–13)

6 (3–11)

0.14

49 (24–71)

29 (19–58)

50 (29–88)

< 0.001

1,356 (524–2468)

Consultation costs

3 (2–4)

2 (2–3)

3 (2–4)

0.20

3 (2–6)

3 (2–6)

3 (2–5)

0.67

4 (2–6)

Miscellaneous costs*

8 (1–13)

0 (0–0)

8 (1–3)

N/A

13 (6–23)

12 (6–23)

13 (6–23)

0.31

204 (120–332)