Table 1 Main characteristics of included studies
Author, Year (Ref) | Country | Centre(s) | Study period | N | Age (years) Mean/SD(range) or *Median/IQR | Female (%) | Ventilatory support | ITU admission | Mortality (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NIV | MV | |||||||||
Alharty et al., 2020 (1) | SaudiArabia | Single | 20/03/20–31/05/20 | 352 | 50.6/13.3 | 45/352 (12.8%) | 0/352 (0%) | 352/352 (100%) | 352/352 (100%) | 113/352 (32.1%) |
Allou et al., 2021 (2) | France | Single | 01/03/20–30/04/20 | 36 | 66/56–77* | 11/36 (30.5%) | 3/36 (8.3%) | 2/36(5.6%) | 10/36 (27.8%) | 0/36 (0%) |
Amit et al., 2020 (3) | Israel | Multi | 05/03/20–27/04/20 | 156 | 72/60–82* | 48/156 (30.8%) | 39/156 (25%) | 93/156(59.7%) | 156/156 (100%) | 87/156 (55.8%) |
Asmarawati et al., 2021 (4) | Indonesia | Single | 14/03/20–30/09/20 | 218 | 52.4/14.4 | 98/218 (44.9%) | NR | 23/218 (10.5%) | 52/218 (23.8%) | 21/218 (9.6%) |
Ayding Bahat et al., 2020 (5) | Turkey | Single | 11/03/20–24/04/20 | 25 | 60.5/15 | 15/25 (60%) | NR | NR | 8/25(32%) | 5/25(20%) |
Balena et al., 2020 (6) | Italy | Single | 01/03/20–15/06/20 | 148 | 80/72–86* | 83/148 (66%) | 31/148 (21%) | 4/148 (4%) | NR | 34/128 (23%) |
Baraboutis et al., 2020 (7) | Greece | Single | 16/03/20–12/04/20 | 49 | 63/20–95* | 19/49 (38.8%) | NR | 8/49 (16.3%) | NR | 6/49 (12.2%) |
Bardi et al., 2021 (8) | Spain | Single | 01/03/20–01/06/20 | 140 | 61/57–67* | 32/140 (23%) | NR | 134/140 (96%) | 140/140 (100%) | 51/140 (36%) |
Barrasa et al., 2020 (9) | Spain | Single | 04/03/20–31/03/20 | 48 | 67/53–74* | 21/48 (43.8%) | 0/48 (0%) | 45/48 (94%) | 48/48(100%) | 16/48 (36%) |
Barry et al., 2020 (10) | Saudi | Single | 22/03/20–31/05/20 | 99 | 44.0/(19–87) | 33/99 (33.3%) | 9/99 (9.1%) | 13/99 (13.1%) | 22/99(22.2%) | 12/99 (12%) |
Basakaran et al., 2021 (11) | UK | Multi | 21/02/20–01/05/20 | 254 | 59/49–69* | 90/254 (35.4%) | NR | 151/254 (59.5%) | 254/254 (100%) | 2/254 (0.8%) |
Bhatt et al., 2021 (12) | USA | Multi | 01/03/20–07/05/20 | 375 | 63.2/16.2 | 146/375 (38.9%) | 7/375 (1.8%) | 17/375 (4.5%) | 175/375 (46.7%) | 149/375 (39.7%) |
Buckner et al., 2020 (13) | USA | Multi | 02/03/20–26/03/20 | 105 | 69/23–97* | 52/105 (49.5%) | 1/105 (1.0%) | 17/105 (16.2%) | 51/105 (48.6%) | 35/105(33.3%) |
Chen et al., 2020 (14) | China | Single | 01/01/20–10/02/20 | 203 | 54/(20–91) | 95/203 (46.8%) | NR | 39/203 (19.2%) | 39/203 (19.2%) | 26/203 (12.8%) |
Chen et al., 2021 (15) | China | Single | 11/01/20–31/03/20 | 408 | 48/34–60* | 212/408 (51.9%) | NR | NR | NR | 3/408 (0.7%) |
Cheng et al., 2020 (16) | China | Single | 08/01/20–08/05/20 | 147 | 36/24–54* | 62/147 (42.1%) | NR | NR | 3/147 (2%) | 0/147 (0%) |
Chengy et al., 2020 (17) | China | Single | 01/01/20–18/03/20 | 62 | 61/49.3–67.5* | 44/62 (70.9%) | NR | NR | NR | 0/62 (0%) |
Chong et al., 2021 (18) | USA | Single | 8/03/20–22/06/20 | 244 | 63/51–75* | 96/244 (40.6%) | 18/244 (7.4%) | 71/244 (29.1%) | 118/244 (48.4%) | NR |
Choubey et al., 2021 (19) | UK | Single | 01/03/20–31/05/20 | 209 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Contou et al., 2020 (20) | France | Single | 01/03/20–30/02/20 | 92 | NR/(55–70) | 19/92 (20.6%) | NR | 83/92 (90%) | 92/92 (100%) | 45/92 (49%) |
D’Onofrio et al., 2020 (21) | Belgium | Single | 12/03/20–12/04/20 | 110 | 73/60–82* | 62/110 (56.4%) | NE | NE | 29/110(26.4%) | 34/110 (30.9%) |
Desai et al., 2020 (22) | Italy | Single | 01/04/20–30/09/20 | 536 | 62.9/12.8 | 5268/536 (50%) | NR | NR | NR | 116/536 (21.6%) |
Dolci et al., 2020 (23) | Italy | Single | 01/02/20–31/03/20 | 83 | 61/(49–67) | 11/83 (13.3%) | NR | NR | NR | 44/83 (53.0%) |
Ekadashi et al., 2021 (24) | India | Single | 23/03/20–23/08/20 | 158 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Elabbadi et al., 2021 (25) | France | Single | 01/02/20–31/05/20 | 101 | 61/53–69* | 22/101 (10.8%) | NR | 83/101(82.2%) | 101/101 (100%) | 21/101 (20.8%) |
Falcone et al., 2021 (26) | Italy | Single | 04/03/20–30/04/20 | 315 | NR | 105/315 (33.3%) | 68/315 (21.6%) | 55/315 (17.5%) | 85/315 (26.9%) | 70/315 (22.2%) |
Fan et al., 2021 (27) | China | Single | 01/01/20–31/01/20 | 55 | 46.46/14.41 | 25/55 (45.5%) | NR | NR | NR | 0/55 (0%) |
Garcia-Vidal et al., 2021 (28) | Spain | Single | 01/02/20–30/04/20 | 989 | 62/48–74* | 437/989 (44.2%) | NR | NR | 146/989 (14.8%) | 99/989 (10.0%) |
Gayam et al., 2020 (29) | USA | Single | 01/03/20–30/04/20 | 350 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Goncalves et al., 2021 (30) | USA | Single | 01/03/20–20/04/20 | 242 | 66/14.75 | 119/242 (49.2%) | NR | NR | NR | 52/242 (22.7%) |
Guan et al., 2020 (31) | China | Single | NR | 61 | 56.8/15.1 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 1/61 (1.6%) |
He et al., 2020 (32) | China | Single | 01/02/20–28/02/20 | 192 | 45/NR | 93/192(48.4%) | NR | NR | NR | 5/192 (2.6%) |
He et al., 2021 (33) | China | Multi | 01/01/20–28/02/20 | 905 | 47/35–57* | 463/905 (51.2%) | NR | NR | NR | 57/905 (6.2%) |
Huang et al., 2020(34) | China | Single | 16/12/19–02/01/20 | 41 | 49.0/41.0–58.0* | 11/41 (26.8%) | 10/41 (24%) | 2/41(5%) | NR | 6/41(14.6%) |
Huang et al., 2020 (34) | China | Single | 16/12/19–02/01/20 | 13 | 49/41–61* | 2/13 (15%) | 8/13 (62%) | 2/13 (15%) | 13/13 (100%) | 5/13(38%) |
Huang et al., 2021 (35) | USA | Single | 01/03/20–31/05/20 | 41 | 66.6/19.1 | 21/41(51.2%) | 26/41(63.4%) | 15/41(37%) | 15/41(36.6%) | 15/41(36.6%) |
Hughes et al., 2020 (36) | UK | Multi | 20/02/20–20/04/20 | 836 | 69/55–81* | 317/836 (37.9%) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Humières et al., 2021(37) | France | Multi | 29/01/20–31/05/20 | 197 | 59/(50–68) | 48/197 (24.8%) | NR | 129/197(67%) | 197/197 (100%) | 71/197 (26.0%) |
Karaba et al., 2021 (38) | USA | Multi | 01/03/20–31/05/20 | 1016 | 62/48–74* | 473/1016(46.5%) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Karami et al., 2021 (39) | Netherlands | Multi | 01/03/20–31/05/20 | 925 | 70/59–77* | 334/925 (36.1%) | NR | NR | NR | 214/925 (23.1%) |
Kimming et al., 2020(40) | USA | Single | 01/03/20–27/04/20 | 111 | NR | 49/111 (44.1%) | NR | NR | NR | 30/111 (27%) |
Kolenda et al., 2020 (41) | France | Multi | 01/03/20–15/04/20 | 99 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Lardaro et al., 2021 (42) | USA | Multi | 01/03/20–30/04/20 | 542 | 64.8/16.5 | 273/542 (50.4%) | NR | 162/542 (29.9%) | 86/542 (15.9%) | 78/542 (14.4%) |
Li et al., 2020 (43) | China | Single | 20/01/20–14/02/20 | 225 | 50.0/14.0 | 105/225 (46.7%) | NR | NR | NR | 2/225 (0.9%) |
Li et al., 2020 (44) | China | Single | 27/01/20–17/03/20 | 1495 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Liu et al., 2020 (45) | China | Single | 18/01/20–12/03/20 | 140 | 65.5/54.3–73.0* | 91/140 (65.0%) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Liu et al., 2021 (46) | China | Single | 01/01/20–28/02/20 | 53 | 38/28–47* | 27/53 (50.9%) | 32/53 (63.4%) | 1/53(1.9%) | 1/53 (1.9%) | 0/53 (0%) |
Liu et al., 2021 (47) | China | Single | 26/01/20–18/03/20 | 1123 | 61/50–69* | 563/1123 (50.1%) | NR | NR | NR | 111/1123 (9.9%) |
Mady et al., 2020 (48) | Saudi Arabia | Single | 12/08/20–12/09/20 | 61 | 51/42.5–58.8* | 7/61 (11.5%) | 32/61 (52.5%) | 29/61 (47.5%) | 61/61 (100%) | 19/61 (31.1%) |
Mahmoudi et al., 2020 (49) | Iran | Single | 17/02/20–20/10/20 | 340 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Mason et al., 2021 (50) | UK | Multi | 01/03/20–31/05/20 | 800 | NR/(18–100) | 310/800 (38.7%) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
M. Movahed et al., 2021 (51) | Iran | Single | 22/02/20–19/04/20 | 854 | 55.6/17.63 | 382/854 (44.7%) | NR | NR | 183/854(21/4%) | 119/854 (13.9%) |
Nassir et al., 2021 (52) | Pakistan | Single | 01/02/20–30/06/20 | 100 | 58/49–57* | 11/100 (11%) | NR | 35/100 (35%) | 79/100 (79%) | 30/100 (30%) |
Nebreda et al., 2020 (53) | Spain | Single | 08/03/20–31/05/20 | 712 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Pulia et al., 2021 (54) | USA | Multi | 15/03/20–18/05/20 | 73 | NR | 38/73 (52.1%) | NR | 8/73 (10.9%) | NR | NR |
Quartuccio et al., 2020(55) | Italy | Single | 01/02/20–30/04/20 | 69 | 56.2/14.2 | 25/69 (36.2%) | 0/69 (0%) | 0/69 (0%) | 0/69 (0%) | 0/69 (0%) |
Richardson et al., 2020 (56) | USAe | Multi | 01/03/20–04/04/20 | 5700 | 63.0/52.0–75.0 | 2263/5700 (39.7%) | NR | 320/5700 (5.6%) | 373/5700 (6.5%) | 553/5700 (9.7%) |
Rippa et al., 2021 (57) | Italy | Single | 25/02/20– 6/04/20 | 731 | 64/(55–76) | 235/731 (32.1%) | NR | NR | 45/731(6.1%) | NR |
Rothe et al. 2020 (58) | Germany | Single | 01/02/20–30/04/20 | 140 | 63.5/(17–99) | 50/140 (35.7%) | NR | 41/14 0(29.3%) | 56/140 (40%) | 18/140 (12.8%) |
Seaton et al., 2020 (59) | Scotland | Multi | 20/04/20–30/04/20 | 531 | 72/61–82* | 257/531 (48.4%) | NR | NR | 110/531 (20.7%) | NR |
Shah et al., 2020 (60) | USA | Single | 03/02/20–31/03/20 | 33 | 63/50–75* | 12/33 (36.4%) | 0/33(0%) | 6/11 (55%) | 11/26 (42%) | 1/26 (4%) |
Shao et al., 2020 (61) | China | Multi | 23/01/20–23/03/20 | 126 | NR/(19–91) | 58/126 (46.0%) | NR | NR | NR | 1/126 (0.1%) |
Sharifipour et al., 2020 (62) | Iran | Multi | NR | 19 | 67/4.6 | 8/19 (42.1%) | NR | NR | 19/19(100%) | 18/19(94.7%) |
Silva et al., 2021 (63) | Brazil | Single | 01/05/20–30/11/20 | 212 | NR | 86/212 (40.5%) | NR | NR | 212/212(100%) | 107/212(52.9%) |
Singh et al., 2021 (64) | USA | Single | 16/03/20–01/08/20 | 4259 | 45.2/20–43* | 2513/4259 (55.5%) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Soogard et al., 2021 (65) | Switzerland | Single | 25/02/20–31/05/20 | 162 | 64.4/50.4–74.2* | 63/162(38.9%) | NR | 34/162(20.9%) | 41/162(25.3%) | 17/162(10.5%) |
Staub et al., 2021 (66) | USA | Single | 01/03/20–15/05/20 | 131 | 56/17.4 | 53/131(39.7%) | NR | NR | NR | 13/131 (9.9%) |
Stevens et al., 2021 (67) | USA | Single | 01/03/20–28/04/20 | 346 | 45/18 | 176/346 (51%) | NR | NR | 0/346 (0%) | 0/346 (0%) |
Tang et al., 2021 (68) | China | Single | 28/01/20–15/03/20 | 78 | 47.7/17.2 | 37/78(47.4%) | NR | NR | 8/78 (10.3%) | NR |
Thelen et al., 2021 (69) | Netherlands | Multi | 28/02/20–02/06/20 | 678 | 70/58–78* | 235/678 (34.7%) | NR | NR | 6/678 (0.9%) | 191/678 (28.3%) |
Townsend et al., 2020 (70) | Ireland | Multi | 01/03/20–31/04/20 | 117 | NR | 43/117 (36.8%) | NR | NR | 34/117 (29.1%) | 17/117 (14.5%) |
Vanhomwegen et al., 2021 (71) | Belgium | Single | 03/03/20–02/05/20 | 66 | 61/49–71* | 25/66 (38%) | NR | NR | 66/66 (100%) | 20/66 (30.3%) |
Vaughn et al., 2021 (72) | USA | Multi | 01/03/20–01/06/20 | 1705 | 64.7/53.0–76.7* | 820/1705 (48.1%) | 13/1705 (0.8%) | 116 /1705 (6.8%) | NR | 325/1705 (19.1%) |
Wan et al., 2020 (73) | China | Single | 23/01/20–08/02/20 | 135 | 47.0/36.0–55.0* | 63/135 (46/7%) | 34/135 (19.4%) | 1/135 (0.7%) | 40/135 (29.6%) | 1/135 (0.7%) |
Wan et al., 2020 (73) | China | Single | 23/01/20–08/02/20 | 40 | 56.0/52.0–73.0* | 19/40 (47.5%) | 27/40 (67.5%) | 1/40 (2.5%) | 40/40 | 1/40 (2.5%) |
Wang et al., 2020 (74) | China | Single | 29/01/20–10/02/20 | 28 | 68.6/9.0 (53–82) | 7/28 (25%) | 11/28 (39.3%) | 7/28 (25%) | 14/28 (50%) | 12/28 (42.9%) |
Wang et al., 2020 (74) | China | Single | 29/01/20–10/02/20 | 14 | 71.4/7.9 | 4/14(71.4%) | 11/14 (79.6%) | 7/14 (50%) | 14/14 (100%) | 12/14 (85.7%) |
Wang et al., 2020 (75) | China | Single | 01/01/20–06/02/20 | 339 | 69.0/65.0–76.0* | 173/339(51.0%) | NR | NR | 65/339 (19.2%) | 65/339 (19.2%) |
Wang et al., 2021 (76) | UK | Multi | 01/03/20–30/04/20 | 1396 | 67.4/16.2 | NR | NR | NR | 226/1396 (16.2%) | 420/1396 (30.1%) |
Xu et al., 2021 (77) | China | Single | Up to 12/03/20 | 62 | 56.5/45.3–74.8* | 27/62 (44%) | 24/62 (45%) | 15/62 (24%) | 62/62 (100%) | 7/62 (11.3%) |
Yang et al., 2020 (78) | China | Single | 05/01/20–22/02/20 | 251 | NR | 128/251 (51.0%) | NR | NR | NR | 21/251 (8.4%) |
Zhang et al., 2020 (79) | China | Single | 02/01/20–10/02/20 | 221 | 55.0/39.0–66.5* | 113/221 (51.1%) | 26/221 (12.2%) | 16/221 (7.2%) | NR | 12/221 (5.4%) |
Zhang et al., 2020 (80) | China | Single | 16/01/20–03/02/20 | 140 | 57.0/25.0–87.0* | 69/140 (49.3%) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Zhang et al., 2020 (81) | China | Single | 22/01/20–30/04/20 | 38 | 64.7/13.7 | 6/38 (15.8%) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Zhang et al., 2020 (82) | China | Single | 10/12/19–20/02/20 | 134 | 60.8/12.9 | 47/134 (35.1%) | 91/134 (67.9%) | 79/134 (58.9%) | 134/134 (100%) | 101/134 (75.4%) |
Zhang et al., 2021 (83) | China | Single | 01/01/20–28/02/20 | 91 | 74.9/68–82* | 52/91 (57.1%) | 3/91 (3.3%) | 11/91 (12.1%) | NR | 5/91 (55.6%) |
Zhang et al., 2020 (84) | China | Single | 01/01/20–31/03/20 | 365 | 46.8/15.5 | 189/365(51.8%) | NR | NR | NR | 2/365(0.5%) |
Zhao et al., 2020 (85) | China | Single | 01/01/20–28/02/20 | 1000 | 61/46–70* | 534/1000 (53.4%) | 147/1000 (14.7%) | 43/1000 (4.3%) | 63/1000 (6.3%) | 119/1000 (11.9%) |