Table 2 Clinical factors associated with mortality for SARS-CoV-2 PCR confirmed patients admitted to hospital with severe acute respiratory infection
From: A comparison of four epidemic waves of COVID-19 in Malawi; an observational cohort study
Variable | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio | P value | Confidence interval | Odds ratio | P value | Confidence interval | |
Wave | ||||||
 2 | 1.16 | 0.808 | 0.34–4.00 | 1.38 | 0.686 | 0.29–6.51 |
 3 | 2.17 | 0.188 | 0.68–6.90 | 4.99 | 0.050 | 1.00–25.02 |
 4 | 0.62 | 0.514 | 0.15–2.61 | 2.24 | 0.392 | 0.35–14.16 |
Vaccinated | 1.07 | 0.900 | 0.35–3.25 | 0.92 | 0.916 | 0.21–4.10 |
Age | ||||||
 30–39 | 0.66 | 0.679 | 0.09–4.85 | 0.25 | 0.262 | 0.02–2.83 |
 40–49 | 3.22 | 0.145 | 0.67–15.51 | 1.54 | 0.627 | 0.27–8.86 |
 50–59 | 1.38 | 0.717 | 0.24–7.93 | 0.51 | 0.559 | 0.05–4.85 |
 60–69 | 1.90 | 0.473 | 0.33–10.98 | 0.76 | 0.795 | 0.09–6.31 |
 ≥ 70 | 7.21 | 0.014 | 1.48–35.07 | 9.55 | 0.026 | 1.31–69.77 |
Male | 0.60 | 0.174 | 0.29–1.25 | 0.51 | 0.190 | 0.19–1.39 |
HIV positive | 0.82 | 0.654 | 0.33–1.99 | 1.08 | 0.898 | 0.32–3.65 |
HIV unknown | 1.28 | 0.573 | 0.54–3.07 | 0.96 | 0.946 | 0.30–3.11 |
Cardiac disease | 1.44 | 0.456 | 0.56–3.71 | 0.82 | 0.792 | 0.19–3.51 |
Diabetes | 1.20 | 0.690 | 0.49–2.91 | 1.15 | 0.818 | 0.35–3.83 |
Symptoms to admission (days) | ||||||
 4–6 | 2.64 | 0.037 | 1.06–6.58 | 2.56 | 0.132 | 0.75–8.67 |
 7–9 | 2.59 | 0.101 | 0.84–8.06 | 4.24 | 0.098 | 0.77–23.49 |
 ≥ 10 | 2.19 | 0.127 | 0.80–5.99 | 2.70 | 0.160 | 0.68–10.75 |
Respiratory rate | ||||||
 20–24 | 2.18 | 0.321 | 0.47–10.13 | 1.28 | 0.778 | 0.23–7.10 |
 25–29 | 4.07 | 0.084 | 0.83–20.02 | 1.16 | 0.874 | 1.78–7.62 |
 ≥ 30 | 14.87 | 0.001 | 3.09–71.71 | 5.97 | 0.067 | 0.88–40.26 |
SpO2 | ||||||
 93–95 | 1.39 | 0.569 | 0.45–4.30 | 0.74 | 0.659 | 0.20–2.80 |
 88–92 | 2.54 | 0.093 | 0.86–7.53 | 1.44 | 0.569 | 0.41–5.01 |
 ≤ 87 | 15.40 | < 0.001 | 5.66–41.93 | 11.22 | 0.001 | 2.59–48.65 |