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Table 4 Clinical presentation in patients with COVID-19 during the five consecutive waves of the disease

From: Five consecutive epidemiological waves of COVID-19: a population-based cross-sectional study on characteristics, policies, and health outcome

Clinical findings

Wave 1

Wave 2

Wave 3

Wave 4

Wave 5

P value

n, % (95% CI)

n, % (95% CI)

n, % (95% CI)

n, % (95% CI)

n, % (95% CI)

Fever

15484, 33.5 (32.7–34.2)

6361, 38.1 (36.9–39.2)

19302, 33.8 (33.1–34.3)

25139, 34.2 (33.6–34.7)

44329, 32.9 (32.4–33.3)

 < 0.001

Cough

22252, 48.1 (47.4–48.7)

7606, 45.5 (44.3–46.6)

28933, 50.6 (50.0–51.1)

40894, 55.6 (55.1–56.0)

81404, 60.4 (60.0–60.7)

 < 0.001

Muscle ache

11214, 24.2 (23.4–24.9)

5633, 33.7 (32.4–34.9)

21470, 37.6 (36.9–38.2)

27287, 37.1 (36.5–37.6)

59508, 44.2 (43.8–44.5)

 < 0.001

Difficulty breathing

16600, 35.9 (35.1–36.6)

7579, 45.3 (44.1–46.4)

29419, 51.5 (50.9–52.7)

34871, 47.4 (46.8–47.9)

44290, 32.9 (32.4–33.3)

 < 0.001

Chest pain

31, 0.1 (0.0–4.5)

536, 3.2 (1.7–4.6)

2339, 4.1 (3.2–4.9)

2656, 3.6 (2.8–4.3)

3521, 2.6 (2.0–3.1)

 < 0.001

Loss of smell

423, 0.9 (0.0–1.8)

449, 2.7 (1.2–4.1)

1738, 3.0 (2.1–3.8)

1915, 2.6 (1.8–3.3)

4693, 3.5 (2.9–4.0)

 < 0.001

Loss of taste

172, 0.4 (0.0–1.3)

261, 1.6 (0.0–3.1)

1210, 2.1 (1.2–2.9)

964, 1.3 (0.5–2.0)

3144, 2.3 (1.7–2.8)

 < 0.001

Loss of appetite

64, 0.1 (0.0–0.8)

1127, 6.7 (5.2–8.1)

4602, 8.1 (7.3–8.8)

7101, 9.7 (9.0–10.3)

13451, 10.1 (9.5–10.6)

 < 0.001

Nausea

74, 0.2 (0.0–1.2)

1079, 6.5 (5.0–7.9)

4220, 7.4 (6.6–8.1)

4940, 6.7 (6.0–7.3)

9989, 7.4 (6.8–7.9)

 < 0.001

Abdominal pain

26, 0.1 (0.0–1.3)

487, 2.9 (1.4–4.3)

1563, 2.7 (1.8–3.5)

1981, 2.7 (1.9–3.4)

3214, 2.4 (1.8–2.9)

 < 0.001

Diarrhea

32, 0.1 (0.0–1.1)

798, 4.8 (3.3–6.2)

1932, 3.4 (2.5–4.2)

2132, 2.9 (2.1–3.6)

2846, 2.1 (1.5–2.6)

 < 0.001

Headache

96, 0.2 (0.0–1.0)

1170, 7.0 (5.5–8.4)

5514, 9.6 (8.8–10.3)

7898, 10.7 (10.0–11.3)

17521, 13.0 (12.5–13.4)

 < 0.001

Vertigo

20, 0.0 (0.0–0.0)

456, 2.7 (1.2–4.1)

1789, 3.1 (2.2–3.9)

2758, 3.7 (2.9–4.4)

4834, 3.6 (3.0–4.1)

 < 0.001

Seizure

27, 0.1 (0.0–1.2)

42, 0.3 (0.0–1.9)

115, 0.2 (0.0–1.0)

97, 0.1 (0.0–0.7)

180, 0.1 (0.0–0.7)

 < 0.001

Paraplegia

5, 0.0 (0.0–0.0)

23, 0.1 (0.0–1.3)

108, 0.2 (0.0–1.0)

96, 0.1 (0.0–0.7)

138, 0.1 (0.0–0.6)

 < 0.001

Skin lesions

1, 0.0 (0.0–0.0)

17, 0.1 (0.0–1.6)

60, 0.1 (0.0–0.8)

50, 0.1 (0.0–0.9)

121, 0.1 (0.0–0.6)

 < 0.001

  1. P value obtained from Chi squared test; %: Percentage in category; CI: Confidence Interval