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Table 1 Landscape of molecular epidemiology studies on non-falciparum species in Cameroon

From: Non-falciparum species and submicroscopic infections in three epidemiological malaria facets in Cameroon

Study sites (Regions)

Period

Study population

Prevalence of Plasmodium species either mono-infection or co-infection

References

Bangolan (NW)

Sept–Nov 2007

Children/Pregnant women

P. falciparum/P. malariae (72.86%), P. falciparum/P. malariae/P. ovale (11.43%), P. malariae (5.71%), P. vivax (0%), P. knowlesi (NI)

[19]

Yaoundé (CEN) and eight villages around Yaoundé

–

Children and adults

P. falciparum (98.56%), P. malariae (6.26%), P. ovale (0.02%) and P. vivax (0%)¶

P. falciparum (79.9%), P. falciparum/P. malariae (14.0%), P. falciparum/P. ovale (3.0%), P. falciparum/P. malariae/P. ovale (2.1%), P. ovale (0.9%), P. malariae (0.2%) and P. vivax (0%)¶¶

[20]§

Bolifamba (SW)

Jul 2008–Oct 2009

Apparently healthy adults

P. falciparum (27.5%), P. vivax (3.3%), P. malariae (1.5%), P. ovale (0%), P. falciparum/P. vivax (1.1%), P. falciparum/P. malariae (1.5%), P. falciparum/P. vivax/P. malariae (0.4%), P. knowlesi (NI)

[21]

Douala (LIT), Ebolowa (S), Kye-Ossi (S), Yaoundé (CEN), Bertoua (E)

NA

Children and adults

P. falciparum (96%), P. vivax (3%), P. falciparum/P. vivax (1%), P. knowlesi (NI)

[22]

Nkassomo (CEN), Vian (CEN)

Feb–Mar 2011

Children and adults

P. falciparum (100%), P. vivax (0%), P. malariae (0%), P. ovale (0%), P. knowlesi (NI)

[23]

Douala (LIT)

NA

Children and adults

P. falciparum (76.7%), P. vivax (23.3%), P. malariae (0%), P. ovale (0%), P. knowlesi (NI)

[24]

Maroua (FN), Ngaoundere (ADA), Yaoundé (CEN), Bamenda (NW), Limbe (SW)

May–Nov 2015

Febrile children

P. falciparum (100%), P. vivax (0%), P. malariae (0%), P. ovale (0%), P. knowlesi (0%)

[25]

Dschang (W)

NA

Children and adults

P. falciparum (60%), P. vivax (35.8%), P. ovale (0%), P. malariae (1.4%), P. falciparum/P. vivax (2.8%), P. knowlesi (NI)

[26]

Mvan (CEN), Yaoundé (CEN)

NA

Asymptomatic children (3–14 yrs)

P. falciparum (87.9%), P. vivax (0%), P. malariae (4.8%), P. ovale (0%), P. falciparum/P. malariae (7.2%), P. knowlesi (NI)

[27]

Mutengene (SW)

Apr–Jun 2013

Children

(6 mos–10 yrs)

P. falciparum (82.17%), P. vivax (0%), P. ovale (5.14%), P. falciparum/P. ovale (4.67%), P. falciparum/P. malariae (7.41%), P. knowlesi (NI)

[28]

Pitoa (N), Mayo-Oulo (N)

Nov 2014

Children

(6 mos–10 yrs)

P. falciparum (86.6%), P. vivax (0%), P. ovale (0%), P. malariae (8.4%), P. falciparum/P. malariae (5%), P. knowlesi (NI)

[29]

Dschang (W)

NA

Children and adults&

P. vivax (35.4%)

[30]

Douala (LIT)

Aug–Sep 2018

Children and adults

P. ovale curtisi (five samples were PCR P. ovale curtisi positive/RDT negative)

[31]†

Tibati (ADA)

June–July 2015

Children and adults

In health centers [P. falciparum (98.8%), P. malariae (0.6%), P. ovale (0.6%), P. vivax (0%), P. knowlesi (NI), Co-infections (0%)];

In community [P. falciparum (76.4%), P. malariae (6.8%), P. ovale (0.2%), P. vivax (0%), P. knowlesi (NI), Co-infections (16.6%)]

[32]‡

Tibati (ADA) and Mfou (CEN)

July–August 2019 (Tibati)

June–July 2018 (Mfou)

Children and adults

Tibati: P. falciparum (98.0%), P. malariae (0%), P. vivax (0%), P. ovale (1.5%), P. falciparum/P. ovale (0.5%), P. knowlesi (NI)

Mfou: P. falciparum (95.8%), P. malariae (1.9%), P. vivax (0%), P. ovale (0%), P. falciparum/P. malariae (2.3%), P. knowlesi (NI)

[33]

Nkolbisson (CEN)

November 2019–February 2020

Children

P. falciparum (66.9%), P. malariae (5.5%) and P. ovale (3.1%)#

[34]

Five villages of the Esse District (CEN)

November–December 2018

Children and adults

P. falciparum (85.4%), P. malariae (2.1%), P. ovale (1.5%), P. vivax (0%), P. falciparum/P. malariae (8.5%), P. falciparum/P. ovale (1.8%), P. falciparum/P. malariae/P. ovale (0.6%), P. knowlesi (NI)

[35]

Douala (LT), Buea (SW)

2003–2005 and 2009–2013

Children and adults

In Douala: P. falciparum (84.9%), P. falciparum/P. malariae (8.1%), P. falciparum/P. ovale (7%)

In Buea: P. falciparum (84.4%), P. malariae (5.2%), P. falciparum/P. malariae (10.4%), P. knowlesi (NI)

[36]

  1. ADA Adamawa, CEN Centre, E East, FN Far North, LIT Littoral, N North, NW Northwest, S South, SW Southwest, W West, NA Not available, MOS Months, NI Not investigated, RDT Rapid diagnostic test, Yrs Years
  2. Direct sequencing and Deep sequencing (barcoded pyrosequencing) of a 405-bp mitochondrial region of Plasmodium genome were used to analyze 77 samples (¶) and 437 samples (¶¶), respectively
  3. §The samples were collected from eight villages close to the habitat of wild living Plasmodium infecting apes and the town of Yaoundé in HIV-infected patients
  4. &The patients were all febrile and Duffy-negative
  5. †This subspecies was found in five P. falciparum detecting-only RDT-based false negative results
  6. ‡The details on co-infections were not specified
  7. #The prevalence of each species was determined using the total number of enrolled children (n = 127)